Should Animals be Used in Medical Research Paper

Should Animals be Used in Medical - Research Paper Example When preliminary tests on animals provide promising results, only then these studies are conducted on human beings. Therefore, the use of animals in medical research has been extremely useful in understanding the human body and the changes in functions when dealing with a disease. Hence, animals provide a good testing ground to conduct medical research and should continue to be used within the limits of the code of ethics. This paper will examine the historical background concerning the use of animals in medical research and closely examine the different perspectives pertaining to it. It will also elaborate my arguments supporting the use of animals in medical research and why I feel it is especially critical to do so in this day and age. Relevant History and Background The use of animals in medical and behavioral studies can be traced back to ancient Greek writings which record that Aristotle, the Greek philosopher conducted experiments on live animals. In fact, Aristotle argued tha t, â€Å"animals, having sense perception but lacking reason, fall below humans in a natural hierarchy and are therefore appropriate resources for human purposes† (DeGrazia 3). ... Traditionally, the moral status of animals has been shaped by religion and philosophy. The Bible mentions that God created human beings in His own image and gave him authority over all that was created – including animals. According to DeGrazia, the Bible reinforces the Aristotelian view of animals of using them for human purposes (3). Christian philosophers like Augustine and Thomas Aquinas also emphasized that since animals cannot reason, they are subordinate to human beings (DeGrazia 3). However Hinduism and Islamic beliefs consider animals to have some degree of rationality and at times consider them on par with human beings (DeGrazia 3). Current medical research practices ensure only the least number of the most appropriate animal is used. Again, the U.S. federal law requires all animals to be treated humanely and that they should experience the least amount of pain and distress when used in medical research. For as long as animals have been used for medical research, the re have been people and groups fighting for animal rights through writings and peaceful protests. However, as the experimentation on animals increased over the years, so did the controversy and criticism concerning it, especially with respect to the practice of vivisection – a process which involves conducting surgery on living organisms, usually animals, for physiological or pathological investigations (DeGrazia). Overview of Different Positions on This Issue Broadly there are two opposing positions concerning the issue of the use of animals in medical research: In Favor of Animal Research: The major argument of people favoring animal research is that using animals for medical research is acceptable if the

The positive aspects of media Essay Example for Free

The positive aspects of media Essay Media is part of our everyday life. We take the knowledge we get through newspapers, television, the Internet and radio for granted and often we tend to focus on the negative influence it has on the society. In this essay I am going to discuss aspects of media which can also have a negative impact but which usually benefit the world we live in. The media is easily accessible one can buy a newspaper in any city of the world or find a television or radio signal. People know a lot more than they did a century ago. For example, media plays an important role in educating people about health and diet. There are articles in newspapers which give general tips about how to be more healthy but also stories which tell people to do regular check-ups for cancer. The fact that media is accessible and educates people might be part of the reason why modern people live longer. The fact that media is widespread contributes to the fact that it cannot be controlled by a single authority. The media brings many different views to the public and anyone who has access to the Internet can write his own opinion about the matter at hand. A few years ago in Estonia there was a conflict between two different nationalities the Estonians and the Russians. The conflict was about different historical opinions and since practice showed that the two parties cannot come to an agreement by talking things through, the Internet was a good place to find different arguments on both sides and calmly come to an agreement. Media acted as a bridge or mediator between the two sides of conflict. We can rely on the knowledge we get through the media when we have seen or heard the person who has immediate contact with the matter at hand. Our knowledge has to be reliable because otherwise we would be unable to have a justified opinion about different issues. Millions of people watched the elections of Americas president. The television helped them to develop an opinion about the worlds most powerful man and rely on the fact that he is not made up or and everything they know about him is cohering with what they have read from the newspapers. Besides the negative aspects of the media it also has a lot of positive factors. For example it is easily accessible, it mirrors many different viewpoints of different matters and it also brings us the immediate experience of the events instead of hearing about them from another source. The media has many aspects which deserve praise and which make our society to be more democratic and educated.

macbeth as a tragic hero :: essays research papers

Macbeth the Tragic hero <Tab/>"I go, and it is done; the bell invites me. Hear it not, Duncan, for it knell that summons thee to heaven, or to hell." This is a quote from Shakespeare's play Macbeth. The quote symbolizes Macbeth turning to the dark side. Macbeth is a historically based play. James I is placed into the play with his distant relationship with Banguo. Macbeth is a tragedy in which human actions have unavoidable consequences, where the characters sins and mistakes are never forgiven or rectified. Every tragedy has a tragic hero in this play Macbeth is the tragic hero. Macbeth is the tragic hero because he has a high station, tragic flaw, and a downfall in which he redeems before his death. <Tab/>Macbeth receives a station as high as king of Scotland. He also obtains title of Thane of Cawdor. Macbeth fought valiantly in the battle against Macdonaldwald and fought him face to face and defeated his army. Macbeth sounds like an honorable and courageous man. Well, he is until he starts to turn to the dark side. <Tab/>The three witches tell him three apparitions the first being beware of Macduff, Second one is no man of woman born shall never vanquished be until Great Birnam Wood to high Dunsinane Hill shall come against him. Hearing the apparitions makes Macbeth greedy and overconfident. He believes that he can do as he pleases and will never falter. These two things are Macbeth's tragic flaws. These and other things lead to Macbeth's downfall. <Tab/>Macbeth comes across three witches that greet him in three different ways Thane of Glamis, Thane of Cawdor, and king here after. Macbeth did not think much of these greetings. Well, until he receives the news from Ross that he has become the Thane of Cawdor. This is where Macbeth's downfall beings to show it's ugly little head. His mind becomes cloudy and begins to focus on how he will obtain the crown. Macbeth later murders Duncan, the king, in his sleep. This action turns Macbeth's downfall in to a rapid decent. Not long thereafter his wife drives herself crazy thinking of Duncan's murder and commits suicide. Macbeth also loses the throne, and his life in the final act. These actions symbolize the completion of his down fall. Even after all his deceit and corruption he still seems to redeem his honor and courage to the audience. <Tab/>Macbeth regains is honor and courage just before his death.

Psychology and Multitasking Talent

Issue Analysis Written Response : Multitasking Findings In the current society, many individuals of different gender intends on doing multitasking by finishing the task instantly. Both multitasking and divided attention have comparable implication. Some researcher’s able to proof that between the both genders, there are no significant differences in their multitasking. However, women are naturally better at multitasking as they juggled more tasks than man. There are several reasons that women multitask better than man in manner of biological differences, frequency on juggling tasks and abilities on multitasking.Firstly, woman leads towards a greater biological difference than man. Women’s have large part of â€Å"Corpus callosum† in the brain which stimulates two conversation simultaneously (Halpern, 2000). Next, majority of man would rather focus using single hint while woman mingled multiple ideas from the atmosphere (Williams & Meck, 1990). In fact, the operat ional IQ in man decrease significantly compared to woman while performing demanding tasks (Wilson & Packard, 2005). Secondly, women are capable in juggling large amount of task frequently.Women usually carry on the lion’s share of house chores and babysitting while holding down their own career job (ABCScience, 2011). Then, as their own family turn on the heat towards them to juggle great amount of task and so they become naturally better at multitasking (Spence, 2012). Furthermore, woman accomplish for the most severe classes of multitasking in the domestic labor such as scutwork and babysitting (Liana, 2007). Finally, woman surpasses man due to superiority in multitasking abilities.Most specifically, women tend to achieve task at considerably higher stage than man as they demonstrate their natural talent for multitasking (Bratley, n. d). Next, women might inherent the ability to be more dynamic and accurate by doing task fruitfully when compared to man (Criss, 2006). In add ition, women are capable in casting for just a brief time of period while they are juggling with other tasks (Richard, 2010). In conclusion, woman has a greater advantage at multitasking as in biological differences, frequency on juggling tasks and multitasking abilities than man. With their atural abilities, it allows them to be evenly productive and easily accomplish task simultaneously. Without a doubt, women may have possessed by these advantages to enhanced ability to multitask. Therefore, women are better at multitasking than men as women are naturally talented at it. Processes Based on the expedition done for this report, several sources were obtained substantially from the internet and online databases. Majority of the sources were suitable as the topic has been selected. The information gathered was composed of two journals, six articles and three books as the sources discuss about multitasking between two genders.In fact, the reliability and credibility are reasonable for all sources obtained that shows appropriate evidence to support my argument. All the sources are considered credible and accurate as the sources are being updated and the author’s are well experienced in the particular field. Therefore, it is safe to assume that the sources are trusted and precise according to the credibility. However, some sources are questionable because it didn’t relate with the argument such as written by several authors about discoveries from movies and games, negative effects and gender differences between children on multitasking.Reference List 1. Marybeth, J. , Mattingly, Sayer, Liana, C. , 2006. â€Å"Under Pressure: Gender Differences in the Relationship between Free Time and Feeling Rushed†. Journal of Marriage and Family, 68, 205-221. 2. Lippa, R. , 1998. Gender-related differences and the structure of vocational interests: The importance of the people-things dimension. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(4), 996-1009. 3 . Lieberman, M. D. , & Rosenthal, R. ,2001. Why introverts can’t always tell who likes them: Multitasking and nonverbal decoding.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 294–310. 4. Offer, S. & Schneider, B. , 2011. â€Å"Revisiting the Gender Gap in Time-Use Patterns: Multitasking and Well-Being among Mothers and Fathers in Dual-Earner Families†Ã‚  American Sociological Review  76. 6[Online]. 809 -833. Available at http://www. asanet. org/images/journals/docs/pdf/asr/Dec11ASRFeature. pdf [Accessed 03 March 2013] 5. Stumpf, H. , 1993. Performance factors and gender related differences in spatial ability: Another assessment. Memory and Cognition, 21, 828-836. 6. Voyuer, D. , Voyer, S. amp; Bryden, M. P. , 1995. Magnitude of sex differences in spatial abilities: A meta-analysis and consideration of critical variables. Psychological Bulletin. 117, 250-270. 7. Liana, C. S. , 2007, Gender Differences in the Relationship between Long Employee Hours and Mult itasking. 17, 403-435. 8. Hyde, J. S. & Lynn, M. C. , 1988. Gender differences in verbal ability: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 104, 53-69. 9. Ruble, D. , Martin, C. L. , & Berenbaum, S. A. , 2006. Gender Development. In W. Damon and R. M. Lerner (Eds. ), Handbook of Child Psychology. , 858-932. 10. [email  protected] School of Business , 2011. Gender Differences: Finding the Measure for Multitasking Talent. Human Resources, [Online]. Available at: http://knowledge. asb. unsw. edu. au/article. cfm? articleid=1382   [Accessed 01 March 2013] 11. Spence, S. T. , 2012. The Straight Dope: Are woman better at multitasking than men? [Online]. Available at http://www. straightdope. com/columns/read/3078/are-women-better-at-multitasking-than-men [Assessed on 02 March 2013] 12. CRISS, B. R. , 2006. Gender Differences in Multitasking.National Undergraduate Research Clearinghouse [Online], 9. Available at http://www. webclearinghouse. net/volume/9/CRISS-GenderDiff. php. [Accessed 03 March 2013] 13. Bratley, M. , n. d. HealthGuidanc : HealthGuidance for better health. Multi-tasking: Differences Between Man and Woman. [Online]. Available at http://www. healthguidance. org/entry/13973/1/Multi-Tasking–Differences-Between-Men-and-Women. html [Accessed 01 March 2013] 14. Richard, G. , 17 July 2010. â€Å"Scientists prove that women are better at multitasking than men†Ã‚  Telegraph  [Online].Available at http://www. telegraph. co. uk/science/science-news/7896385/Scientists-prove-that-women-are-better-at-multitasking-than-men. html [Accessed 03 March 2013] 15. ABCScience, 2011. Are woman better multi-taskers than man? : Are women better at multi-tasking than men? And does being a parent improve your ability to do more than two things at once? [Online]. Available at http://www. abc. net. au/science/articles/2011/08/11/3291311. htm [Accessed 03 March 2013] 16. James, Thomas, W. , & Kimura. D. , 1997. â€Å"Sex

Counseling †an overview of the adlerian theory

Alfred Adler was the founder of Individual Psychology the definition of which is the indivisible of the human personality. The Adlerian theory supposes a single motivating force behind all our behavior, that of striving for perfection. They attempt also to marry the disparities between â€Å"The Self-concept† and â€Å"The Self-ideal†. Along with these come the â€Å"Weltbild† or worldview and our own personal â€Å"right-wrong code† known as â€Å"The Ethical convictions†. Adler argued that humans are born striving to belong are motivated by feelings of inferiority throughout their lives.In order to clearly define what is unhealthy we need to take a look at what is deemed healthy in as far as Adlerian theory has tabled it. The aptitude for a â€Å"Feeling of community† is necessary thereafter becoming ability followed by attitude and motivation. Alfred Adler maintained that individuals were all born with this but that it has to be nurtured t o be of any value as in the ability to make contact with others, relating to them in useful ways and then contributing to the common welfare (Henry T. Stein 1997).The intellectual capabilities include understanding others points of view and needs, accepting common sense over private logic and recognizing the interdependency of people. Appreciating the contributions of others and reasoning with a view to the immediate and future social consequences. The emotional capabilities include empathy for others, feeling connected with others and the ability to feel and express acceptance, liking and love for others. In relation to the environment, or our â€Å"Style of life†, there are both attitudinal and motivational capacities.The attitudinal capacities include feeling at home on earth, a sense of harmony with the universe and a deep identification with others. This also means letting go of the preoccupation of self and along with this comes a profound sense of belonging. The motiva tional capacities include sustaining an active, creative and generous interest in the welfare of others. Contributing significantly to the community and making unconditional, ongoing, spontaneous and positive social effort. The feeling of community is not manifest as mere conformity rather it implies a constant striving for improvement and correction toward an ideal community for all.From an Adlerian point of view, genuine ethics are a result of a high level of the â€Å"Feeling of community† and are a reflection of optimum mental health. Harold Mosak (1995) identified five underlying assumptions to the Adlerian theory. A) The individual is unique, b) the individual is self consistent, c) the individual is responsible, d) the person is creative, an actor, a chooser, and e) people in a soft deterministic way can direct their own destinies (Mosak, 1995, p87). This is basically the identification of what we are born with.The understanding is however that mental ill health occurs when these are not properly nurtured with a view towards enriching the community as a whole. We now can start painting a clearer picture of unhealthy functioning in an individual. A sense of inferiority is an indicator of mental ill health, this of course, only being a symptom of the larger problem, that being â€Å"Self-obsession†. Self-obsession occurs when there is a lack in the feeling of community. Another indicator is when strivings are for the individual’s greater glory and not for the purpose of overcoming life’s difficulties.If the individual is not engaged in striving for self-realization, in contribution to humanity and making the world a better place to live then harmony cannot be present mentally. The role of environment in attaining mental health is paramount. In redirecting the client toward a fulfilling life one is teaching them the importance of a holistic approach. A very simplistic example would be if a client were living in an unhealthy situ ation, perhaps above a club. They need a fair amount of peace in order to study but find it impossible in the current situation.They then stay out all night at libraries in order to find the peace they need but not getting the rest they need to regenerate with all the traveling. This is an extremely simplistic example illustrating a domino effect. The rest of the client’s affairs will start falling apart as they try to keep up with not having had enough sleep. Another little pearl of wisdom here would be â€Å"If you keep doing the things you are doing, you will keep on getting the results that you’re getting†.Now their motivation for moving away might be that they cannot afford to move away. A suggestion would be to share a residence on a communal basis where the necessary structure is present. A small change, as inconsequential as it may seem, has the power of positivity behind it. It spurs on further change in the â€Å"Style of Life†. Adler maintained that human beings were born teleological. His primary example being, that of an infant who as a result of its initial helplessness feels inferior and strives to overcome that by developing to a higher level.Feeling inferior and compensating for that by way of development is the dynamic force behind the motivation, which propels the individual throughout life. This process, as Adler stated, begins in infancy where the child is aware of others who are larger and stronger than they are. In order to survive and attain our goals we must strive forward. Adler described these as minus situations where children compared themselves to older children or adults. The inferiority feelings then become the motivation for striving towards plus situations.Adler said that individuals were not always guided in their actions by reality but also by fictitious goals. Hence the Adlerian concept of the final goal, a fictional creation, an imagined ideal situation that guides a person in the present. The f inal goal is the result of a process that is unique to each individual, a process that Adler calls â€Å"Private Logic†. The process, by which we overcome the obstacles in our way, was coined by Adler as â€Å"Style of Life†. This pattern is generally set by the time we are 6 or 7 years old and is quite difficult to change thereafter.Using Adler’s definition of 3 broad categories of people in terms of neurosis we will illustrate how these two different types encounter and overcome obstacles. Subject A is a Ruling Type (Dr George C. Boeree (2005). They are from early years characterized by their overwhelming need to win. Subject A’s method of overcoming an obstacle will more than likely be confrontational and aggressive. There is no doubt, however, that this obstacle will be overcome but without regard for the consequences. Subject B is categorized as an Avoiding Type (Dr George C.Boeree), perhaps self-explanatory. They only live life through avoidance and as a result never actually grow. As a result of this lack of growth, this type may eventually succumb to psychosis and then retreat within themselves. This was a very simplistic example but serves to highlight the extremes between individual responses. An important skill we have from infancy is the ability to elicit care from others. First and foremost an infant is born physically appealing to its caregiver and has very effective ways of eliciting care.Crying is the most emotive way of eliciting care and is very seldom ignored. If the crying of an infant carries on for an extended period of time then the adult becomes anxious and panicky. This almost certainly ensures that the infant receives the care it needs. Crying is used throughout our lives as a means of manipulation or eliciting care from others. The basic summation here is that manipulation in any form makes up part of our daily interactions with other people. An example would be a teenager seeking a later curfew, citing th eir friend curfews as examples.The Coup de Grace being â€Å"The other parents trust their children† or â€Å"You don’t love me†. Both of these are extremely emotive to parents. Humans by nature are sybaritic and such a sense of community needs to be nurtured and developed throughout their lives. Alfred Adler himself was an early follower of Freud, breaking away later due to the disparities in their particular theories. This perhaps illustrates that there is no holistic method of psychotherapy yet and that perhaps a combination of all the most pertinent types is actually the path one should be following.This is certainly debatable, especially to devotees of either end of the spectrum. The evidence however points to an infinite spectrum of complexity in the human psyche, one which we are perhaps no closer to approaching with any real insight. The Adlerian theory however was a breakthrough in it’s time with aspects such as labeling us individuals which brou ght about a more effective approach to psychotherapy. There is no one set way of treating everyone and the closer to personal the experience of psychotherapy is brought, the closer a solution you get.This is perhaps a simplistic summary of what is essentially a complex theory with many components but the central theme for Alfred Adler was, unlike Freud, he did not believe that our only drives were basic and animalistic. This is a solid argument based on the fact that we are sentient beings with the ability to reason and therefore are able to direct our destinies to a large degree. The study of human behavior is ongoing; call it a â€Å"Work in progress†. All theories and studies will have an impact on psychotherapy as we know it, by its very nature continuing to evolve as we do.