Free Essays on Political Landscape From 1850 To 1860

Leading up to and even during the 1850’s, political parties within the union grew tense on the issue of slavery. In the text the author quotes Calhoun as saying â€Å"the cords holding the Union together had already begun to fray.† This is a great description of the growing animosity between the numerous party members. The most devastating blow to the Whig party was brought by the Kansas-Nebraska Act which was put forward by Stephen Douglas and repealed the Missouri Compromise and allowed popular sovereignty in the new territory of Kansas. With the split of the Whig party, some Northern Whigs joined the new American party which stood for serving the â€Å"patriotic cause of the Union.† Other Northern Whigs joined independent Democrats and Free Soilers arguing in opposition to slavery and forming what is later known as the Republican party in 1854. In 1854, at their first national convention, Republicans sought out John C. Fremont and took the first political party stance against slavery with the slogan â€Å"Free soil, free speech, and Fremont.† Republicans later named Abraham Lincoln as their 1860 presidential nominee. The Democratic party nominated James Buchanan for the 1856 election to run against Fremont. Contrary to the reaction of the Whig party, the Democratic platform endorsed the Kansas-Nebraska Act, plead with congress not to interfere with slavery issues, condemned nativism, and endorsed religious liberty. Buchanan won the election of 1856. Nearing the 1860 election, Democrats held their convention in Charleston, South Carolina. Here the party saw its split. Douglas supporters promised congressional noninterference with slavery while some southerners demanded protection of slavery. The climax of this party debate came when William L. Yancey informed Northern Democrats that they had â€Å"failed to defend slavery as a positive good.† In reply to this, a northern senator is claims that they had been mistaken and â€Å"We will no... Free Essays on Political Landscape From 1850 To 1860 Free Essays on Political Landscape From 1850 To 1860 Leading up to and even during the 1850’s, political parties within the union grew tense on the issue of slavery. In the text the author quotes Calhoun as saying â€Å"the cords holding the Union together had already begun to fray.† This is a great description of the growing animosity between the numerous party members. The most devastating blow to the Whig party was brought by the Kansas-Nebraska Act which was put forward by Stephen Douglas and repealed the Missouri Compromise and allowed popular sovereignty in the new territory of Kansas. With the split of the Whig party, some Northern Whigs joined the new American party which stood for serving the â€Å"patriotic cause of the Union.† Other Northern Whigs joined independent Democrats and Free Soilers arguing in opposition to slavery and forming what is later known as the Republican party in 1854. In 1854, at their first national convention, Republicans sought out John C. Fremont and took the first political party stance against slavery with the slogan â€Å"Free soil, free speech, and Fremont.† Republicans later named Abraham Lincoln as their 1860 presidential nominee. The Democratic party nominated James Buchanan for the 1856 election to run against Fremont. Contrary to the reaction of the Whig party, the Democratic platform endorsed the Kansas-Nebraska Act, plead with congress not to interfere with slavery issues, condemned nativism, and endorsed religious liberty. Buchanan won the election of 1856. Nearing the 1860 election, Democrats held their convention in Charleston, South Carolina. Here the party saw its split. Douglas supporters promised congressional noninterference with slavery while some southerners demanded protection of slavery. The climax of this party debate came when William L. Yancey informed Northern Democrats that they had â€Å"failed to defend slavery as a positive good.† In reply to this, a northern senator is claims that they had been mistaken and â€Å"We will no...

Disney Essay

Disney Essay Disney Essay Dreams Come True Walter E. Disney once said, "You can design and create, and build the most wonderful place in the world. But it takes people to make the dream a reality." He was a man that turned his dreams into reality with the help of his many followers, which showed his true leadership. Today, Disney is one of the important entertainment businesses; bringing remarkable profits not to mention the abundance of joy it brings many people. It has not always been this easy for Disney however. It took the mind of one man to bring it to what it is today. Walt Disney did more to touch the hearts, minds, and emotions of millions of kids and adults than any other person. â€Å"He brought us closer to the future, while telling us of the past†. Walt Disney’s life was devoted to the arts and entertainment almost from birth. However, Walt’s fortunes and fame didn’t take form until he created Mickey Mouse. Walt Disney’s impact in the United States can be analyzed through sound, animation, theme parks, arts and television. He is best know for his character Mickey Mouse, as well as others such as Donald Duck, Pluto, Goofy, and Minnie Mouse, but his company can also be credited with achievements such as the first fully synchronized sound picture, "Steamboat Willie", the first full-color animation, "Flowers and Trees", and the first full-length animated movie, "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs". Steamboat Willie (1928) was his creation, as was the first full-color cartoon, Flowers and Trees (1932). The cartoon, as realized by Disney, gained even greater height in 1937 when Walt then released his first full-length animated feature, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, which is still a huge blockbuster. He went on to introduce many more innovations to movie making, including stereophonic sound. Disney revolutionized the entertainment industry. Disney is a legend that will continue to grow and live on for many more

Business research methods Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business research methods - Assignment Example In the case presented, it would prove impractical and impossible to carry a study that involves over 2000 fast food restaurants. Hence, there is a salient need for sampling. Researchers have identified two categories of sampling technique names, probability sampling and non-probability sampling. For the research on fast food restaurants mentioned, it becomes critical to identify the most appropriate method of sampling that will yield a reliable sample for the research. In a bid to identify the appropriate one, an overview of both sampling methods will be presented. Their implications will also be highlighted and eventually the most appropriate method will be identified (Acharya et al 2013, p. 332). Probability sampling is one of the common techniques used by many researchers when they require yielding a sample that can be used in their research. The basis of probability sampling is randomization. At such randomization, the researcher ensures that each item or entity in the target population has an equal chance of being part of the sample (Uprichard 2013, p. 9). Experts have highlighted that probability sampling eliminates the need for systematic and sampling biases. The main objective in probability sampling is ensuring that the sample serves as an effective representative of the targeted population (Acharya et al 2013, p. 332). Notably, such a representative sample is required by researchers for making generalizations about the targeted population. This is the reason why researchers need to be careful when sampling. There are different techniques of achieving the probability sampling, which have been widely used by different researchers (Uprichard 2013, p. 5). One of the common types of probability sampling is the simple random sampling, which may either be done mechanically or using computer software. The basis of simple random sampling is making an all-inclusive list of the entities in the population and then engaging in a

Cognitive Problems of Bilingual Speakers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cognitive Problems of Bilingual Speakers - Essay Example Aphasic in bilinguals is a complex problem influenced by internal and external factors such as localization, "switch" interaction, suppression of a native language and a specific role of the right hemisphere of the brain. Questions specific to bilingual aphasia are added to those stemming from aphasia in general, such as whether aphasia is a general cognitive deficit or a language-specific impairment; whether it is a unitary phenomenon or admits of multiple syndromes; whether it is a deficit of competence or performance; and whether modality-specific deficits are aphasic symptoms. Theoretical positions on these issues will have consequences for hypotheses about bilingual aphasia and/or the representation of two languages in one brain. Some authors, for example, argue that patients are not aphasic unless their competence is impaired. Competence is considered not to be impaired when a deficit is not equally manifested in all modalities or when a patient undergoes spontaneous recovery. Moreover, because it is assumed that competence is common to both languages, if a bilingual is agrammatic for some aspect of the grammar in one of his languages, it is predicted that she or he will be agrammatic for those same components of the grammar in the other language ( Scholes, 1984). Thus, what recovers spontaneously in unilinguals and bilinguals as well as what is differentially deficient in bilinguals is not considered a result of impaired competence but of loss of access through some defective performance mechanism. Such a position therefore holds that any bilingual patient exhibiting nonparallel recovery is not aphasic. The unstated assumption behind the argument is the role of primary education and background of a person. Whether or not teachers call students aphasic who have lost the use of one of their languages or who have differential postmorbid proficiency in each language, it is of interest to the neuropsychology of language in general and of bilingualism in parti cular to examine whether nonparallel deficits do indeed occur, and if so, to investigate the mechanisms responsible for differential, successive, selective, antagonistic, and mixed recoveries. The article is well-structured and is based on substantial research and data analysis. A researcher gives a special attention to the systemic-dynamic approach and their age, proficiency and motivation among students. The researcher uses inductive reasoning using specific examples and data. The arguments and claims are well-supported and explained. The researcher underlines that there is no a priori reason to reject the possibility that each language might be subserved by its own competence, namely, that each grammar might be separately stored and/or processed. There is indeed no clinical evidence that there is only one underlying neurolinguistic competence for both languages, that is to say, one common neural substrate for language, undifferentiated as to specific language. If it can be shown that specific alterations in competence occur in one language and not in the other, then it is not unreasonable to assume that each language is subserved by different neurofunctional substrates. Further systematic investigations, based on large numbers of successive unselected cases and

Fast Food and Food Handler Wear Essay Example for Free

Fast Food and Food Handler Wear Essay 1. Infrared thermometers are used to measures? Surface temperatures 2. Food cannot be refrozen once it is thawed because? Dangerous bacteria can grow on thawed food 3. What is the minimum temperature for transporting hot food and hot food holding items? 135 (F) degrees 4. The appropriate freezing method for destroying the anisakis parasite in fish is? -4 f degrees and held for 7days 5. What type of jewelry may a food handler wear while preparing food? Plain band 6. A women runs out of the bathroom in a fast food restaurant, and frantically tells the manager that the bathroom sink has backed up and is overflowing. What should the manager do? Close the restroom and call a plumber to unblock the drain 7. The concentration of a sanitizing solution is compromised when? The solution is to hot 8. All of these foods are potentially hazardous expect for? Raw asparagus 9. If the water supply to an establishment is shut off and there is no alternate portable water source? The establishment needs to close until the water supply is restored 10. The minimum internal temp of a pork roast or tuna casserole cooked in a microwave is? 165 (f) degrees for 15seconds 11. A food handler reports to the manager that he has been diagnosed with hemorrhagic colitis. The manager must? Ask the person to leave the establishment and report the incident to the health dept. 12. Clean plates are required for each trip to the buffet because? Contamination can be prevented 13. Frozen foods, other than ice cream, must not be stored at a temp. Over? 0 f degrees 14. Hand washing is not allowed in sinks that are? Used for food prep 15. Light bulb in food prep area must? Be covered to prevent physical contamination 16. The safe way to thaw large poultry or meat product is? In a frig at 41 f or lower 17. The minimum temp and time allowed for cooking a roast beef is? 130 f for 112 min 18. Hand antiseptics can be used? After proper hand washing 19. Which of the following is the best method for killing bacteria in ground beef? Cook to 155 f for 15 sec 20. Which of these disease- causing bacteria may be found in the shell eggs? Salmonella 21. Cooked food is a self serve establishment that has been in the danger zone of under 135 f to over 70 f internal temp of? 165 f – for 15 sec 22. When displaying live shellfish for consumption, the FDA food code requires that you? Have a HACCP plan and a variance 23. The chef prepared a large quantity of homemade beef stew and divided it up into two shallow pans for cooling. He placed the pans in the refrigerator and stirs them frequently. However, he was unsuccessful in cooling the stew from 135 f to 70 f within 2 hrs. What must the chef do to cool the stew? Reheat stew at 165 f for 15 sec and begin cooling process again 24. The entire hand washing process should take at least? 20 sec 25. Listeria bacteria is especially dangerous because? It can grow in dish water 26. Back siphoning occurs when the portable water pressure is lower than the waste water pressure and the waste water backs into the portable water-cross connection? Air gaps 27. Which of these foods in the most likely source of botulism? Vegetables in a swollen can 28. The internal receiving temp of fresh? 41 f 29. Which organism is most likely to multiply in vacuum or airless packaged foods? Clostridium botulinum 30. The minimum wash temp for chemical sanitizing in a ware washing machine should be? 120 f degrees 31. To manually hot water sanitize in a three sink process, the item must be in the water that is at minimum? 120 f – 30 sec 32. Which of the following is a safe food handling practice? Clean and sanitize food surfaces in constant use every 4 hrs 33. In a Hazards Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) plan, CCP’s are identified in? Flow chart 34. Measure a chicken noodle casserole where do you insert thermometer? Into the center or thickest part of the casserole 35. Grease traps must be cleaned on a regular basis because the can? Cause a backup 36. Product stuffed with either raw chicken or beef must be cooked to an internal temp of? 165 f for 15 sec 37. The first step in planning a food safety training program is? Identify the topics for the training 38. When cooking in a microwave, potentially hazardous foods should? Be rotated or mixed halfway through the cooking process 39. To ensure that the items are sanitized, the temp of a ware washing machine’s final sanitizing rinse must be at least? 180 f degrees 40. What two factors are the most important for controlling food borne illness in the food preparation process? Time and temp 41. Reduced Oxygen Packaged food must be stored? In refrigeration 42. An outbreak of typhoid fever, caused by the Salmonella Typhi Bacterium, is most likely to occur after? Flooding 43. Which of the following fall into the â€Å"eight most common food allergens† category? Milk, Wheat, Soybeans 44. Enterohemorrahagic E. coli is a? Bacteria that produces shiga toxins. 45. Which of the following bacteria are found in soil? Bacillus cereus 46. The anisakis simplex worm is most likely to be found in? Under cooked fish 47. Which of the following illness DO NOT have to be reported to the local health dept? Giardiasis 48. Which type of temp probe would use to measure the temp of an oven or refrigerator? Air 49. Which of the following is NOT a method for removing oxygen from packed foods? HMR 50. For traditional steeped tea, the hot water should be a minimum of? 175 f and steeped for minimum of 5 min 51. The correct method for calibrating a stem type thermometer is? In water and ice, and calibrate 32 f 52. Shellfish dealer tags must be kept on file for how many days after the shellfish was harvested? 90 days 53. You have a food delivery arriving in an hour that will consist of milk cartons, fresh chicken breasts, and vacuum-packed bacon. What is the best thermometer to use to check product temperatures on all of these products? Bimetallic thermometer 54. Food borne intoxication is caused by eating food that contain? Poison producing microorganisms 55. To free up space in the kitchen, a busser is asked to manually clean some pot and pans in a three-compartment sink. First he scrapes and rinses the items. Then, he washes them in the first sink, rinses them in the second sink, sanitizes them in the third sink, and sets the items on the drain board to air dry. What did the busser do wrong? He forgot to clean and sanitize the sinks before using them 56. PCO stands for? Pest control operator 57. The best method of preventing an outbreak of Hepatitis A is? Proper hand washing procedures 58. On her morning shift, a food handler puts on clean disposable gloves, and begins to move defrosted hamburger patties form the refrigerator to the preparation area, as directed by the cook. Then, she is asked to slice tomatoes. When she’s done, she slices raw onions. In this sequence of task, when should the food handler change gloves? After moving the hamburger patties to the preparation area 59. The chef just finished preparing raw chicken breasts in a citrus marinade. She will store them in the refrigerator for the next shift to cook and serve for dinner. In order to prevent possible cross-contamination, where should the chef place the tray of chicken breast in the refrigerator? On the bottom self next to the ground turkey 60. A food handler comes to work with a bad cold, but insists that he is well enough to work. The employee is asked to take his temperature, and it turns out that he has a fever. What should the manager do? Send the employee home 61. Which of the following bacteria might be found in a food worker’s hand wound? Staphylococcus aureus 62. A father takes his four year old daughter and her friend to the local hamburger diner after swimming lessons. The friend wants a hot dog, and his daughter wants a hamburger. Because the father likes his hamburgers rare, he orders a rare hamburger for himself and his daughter. What should the server do? Explain that the restaurant cannot serve rare hamburgers to young children 63. Salmonella spp. Bacteria have recently been found in contaminated? Produce 64. A food worker used a Quats sanitizing solution in a three compartment sink as the final step in the cleaning and sanitizing process. She confirmed that the water temp was 75 f, she followed the manufacturer’s concentration instructions, and she completely immersed the cleaned metal cooking pots in the solution for 15 sec. last, she let the pot air dry before storing it. What did the food worker do wrong? She didn’t immerse the pot long enough 65. Which of the following foods are most easily contaminated with the Norovirus? Ready to eat foods 66. Shigella spp. Bacteria are most likely to be found in contaminated? Water 67. A catering company is preparing and transporting hot and cold foods to a customer site for a birthday party. The customer will then reheats and serve the food to guests at the appropriate time. Which of the following must the catering company provide to the customer? Reheating instructions for hot foods 68. A customer has just finished eating a seafood salad with a peanut dressing. As he is paying the bill, the customer starts to have trouble breathing. His face starts to swell, and he breaks out in hives. Most likely the customer is suffering from? An allergy attack 69. In the final hour of a local fund raising event, your food booth runs out of ice for cold beverages. What is the best course of action to follow? Send a volunteer to the nearest store for a bag of ice 70. A food handler in a small coffee shop has just finished deep frying a batch of chicken nuggets, when a customer order comes in for fried shrimp. What does the food handler need to do to avoid cross- contact? The food handler should use a different fryer and oil assigned to cook seafood 71. At an offsite catered event, the food service manager has been hot holding a beef stir fry at 145 f, when suddenly she loses her heat source. Guests are in line waiting to be served. What should the manager do? Begin to serve guests, because the stir fry can be out of temp control for up to 4 hrs 72. A server walks up to a newly seated party of two. The female customer announces that she has a wheat allergy. What should the server do? Wait till the customer orders, and then check with the manager to confirm if any of the ordered items contain wheat

Essay examples --

For Pete’s sake, you've been learning how to read and write ever since the first day of school. And yet what's the one course that almost every first year student in every college and university required to take? That is correct, freshman composition, which means more reading and writing. Why, after all the practice, should you have to take yet an additional English course? You clearly know how to read and write. You might not even have the intention of majoring in literature or creative writing. You may also think that English has little to do with the real world or future profession. Well, think again. There are countless reasons to take freshman composition seriously. English class will definitely help you prepare for college level reading and writing coursework. Taking English composition classes can be very helpful in learning to meet college level writing expectations. Student’s achievement in college is largely determined on how well you can read, understand, and remember the texts you’ve read and on how effectively you can express that knowledge in writing. In both college and work, you'll be called on to write in different formats for a wide range of audiences and for a variety of purposes. For example, Queens College requires 2 writing intensive courses, and 2 additional English courses. At first I thought to myself, why do I need to take that many English courses? But at the end I realized that the benefit is all mine to take. Taking an English course will help you become a more skilled writer that can meet the particular needs of all your readers. Writing isn't just for English majors. English class can prepare you to write successful papers throughout your college years. Also in nearly every major, you will need to de. .. ... not, English composition classes can be fun. In colleges, these are sometimes the smallest classes available to underclassmen and are often limited in students. My English class accommodated merely 20 students. This permits you to know your peers as well as your professor. We had personal meet up sessions with the professor to discuss your personal progress in class. The professor identifies the problems you may need work on, and you can tell the professor your insight as well. It is wonderful to be able to share and communicate with your professor, not only do you focus more in class, but you tend to work harder. You're also likely to make friends, get focused attention, and receive feedback. Sometimes, mandatory composition classes are themed based, so you can choose a class that permits you to write through the lens of a topic you're particularly interested in.

Market Research and Marketing Research Essay

Research is the process of gathering, processing and analyzing information on markets. The scope of such research is limited to the study of markets and does not include studies on the brand or product to be marketed. Market research is a subset of marketing research. Marketing Research is the process of gathering, processing and analyzing information for the purpose of marketing a product. It includes, but is not limited to market research. Marketing research extends to other areas of marketing activity like: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Studies on consumer behavior Brand and positioning research Research on product and packaging Research on communication strategies and advertising channels and their effectiveness Studies on sales promotion strategies and effects of discounts and sales promotion strategies on customer buying and consumption habits 6. Brand perception studies 1 Difference between Qualitative vs. Quantitative 2 Importance of Marketing Research The importance of marketing research in management extends to intelligent decision making, maximizing profits, increasing the sales, minimizing the risks and ascertaining whether a new product will be profitable in a given market at a given time. What is Marketing Research? This research can be defined as the process of gathering recording and analyzing the data related to certain products and services. This need for market research is derived from the concept that only by understanding the needs and wants of the target audience and by effectively meeting them, you will be able to achieve the organizational goals and surpass the competition n the specific market. Thus, arises the need to collect data about the customers, competitors, and other forces in the marketplace. This data in turn is collected and analyzed to make relevant marketing decisions, be it in relation to setting up a business, developing a product, creating a brand or coming up with an advertising campaign. What is t he Importance of Marketing Research? To Make Marketing Decisions: This research helps the marketers to make a decision about the product or service. Sometimes a marketer might believe that the new product or service is useful for the customers. However, research may show that customers do not need a product or are meeting their needs with a certain competitor product and so on. Similarly good research strives to provide options for the successful introduction of new products and services. This makes the market entry of a new product or service less risky. Survive the Competition: Marketing research helps in ascertaining and understanding competitor information such as their identity, marketing network, customer focus and scale of operations. This helps in surviving and in certain cases, even leaving behind the competition. Moreover, with market research you can also help understand the under-served consumer segments and consumer needs that have not 3 been met. Helps to Decide Target Markets: Research helps provide customer information in terms of their location, age, buying behavior and gender. This helps the marketers zero in on the target markets and customers for their products and services. Maximize Profits: Apart from profit maximizing steps such as item optimization, customer profitability analysis, and price elasticity, marketing research allows you to find out methods that can help you maximize profits. For example, a product’s price elasticity research can help you ascertain the impact of an increased price on the sales and the profits of a product. This emphasis on profitability also helps the company’s focus to shift from maximizing sales to increasing the profits of a company. This helps the company survive in the long run and maximize its profits. Increasing the Sales: Increasing the sales of your products or services helps a company in maximizing its profits. By understanding the customer’s needs, wants and attitude towards the products and determining whether your products fit the bill, marketers can increase their sales. This helps in not only increasing the sales to the target customers and people already using the product but also converting the non users into customers for the product. With an understanding of the customer, competitors, products and the overall industry needs, this research can equip the management with the power to make better decisions. However, the importance of marketing research is limited to just being a marketing tool that helps you make an informed decision. So rather than basing all your management decisions on a customer survey, use this tool as a guide and supplement it with intelligent decision making.

Early Intervention for Special Needs Children Essay

The development and implementation of early intervention activities for young children who have a delay or who are at risk for future delays are relatively recent phenomena in the United States. Early intervention as an applied and academic field has developed primarily within the specialty area of early childhood special education (ECSE), a field comprised of professionals from many disciplines. The genesis of ECSE in the United States may be traced to the formation, in 1968, of the Handicapped Children’s Early Education Program (HCEEP) branch within the United States Department of Education. Although other work had occurred in early intervention prior to this time, the establishment of HCEEP provided national recognition and federal funds to address early intervention issues. Since 1968, rapid changes have occurred in the field of early intervention. The most significant event impacting on early intervention was the passage of Public Law 99-457 (P. L. hereafter) in 1986. This law mandates education for handicapped children aged three to five years and provides both impetus and funding for early intervention for children younger than age three. From the viewpoint of an outside observer, the passage of only eighteen years from the establishment of a specialty area to that specialty area demonstrating efficacy such that its tenets become law is admirable. However, these tenets, and the practices derived from them, are based on research that has recently received negative reviews. It is clear that ECSE has done well, but many challenges remain to be met. Failure to conquer these challenges could result in a loss of valuable ground that many have worked hard to achieve. Early Evidence for Early Intervention As the fields of special education and early childhood education evolved, evidence were accumulating that early intervention could be effective. In a classic study, Skeels (1966) examined the effects of environmental stimulation on two comparable groups of infants. Mentally retarded females acted as surrogate mothers for one group (n = 13), providing these children with attention and stimulation. Twelve infants with average IQs remained in a nonstimulating orphanage environment. Eighteen months later, the stimulated infants gained an average 27. 5 IQ points while the control group dropped 26. 2 points. Twenty-one years later, Skeels (1966) continued to find differences between those who were placed in the enriched environment and those who were not. Of those in the experimental group, all were found to be self-supporting as adults. Four of these adults had completed college and, as a group, had a median high-school education. Of those in the control group, four adults had been institutionalized. The median education for these adults was at the third-grade level. Additional evidence came from the work of Kirk (1965), who studied handicapped preschoolers. He compared institutionalized mentally handicapped preschoolers who received a preschool program with a comparable group who remained on the wards and received no intervention services. Children in the experimental program showed significant gains on intellectual measures. Six of the fifteen-experimental group children were able to leave the institution by age eight, while none of the children in the control group left the institution. Works researched provided additional evidence for the value of early intervention. Based upon these studies, the consensus emerged that children’s cognitive skills develop early in life and very rapidly, and that early enrichment can have profound influences on a child’s future functioning. Although this consensus is no longer accepted without question, this philosophy, nevertheless, played a major role in the acceptance of early intervention and helped to create a social climate for legislation favoring handicapped children. Legislative Activities Both research and societal factors converged to provide momentum for the early intervention movement in the 1960s. The changing social climate in the United States in the 1960s led to the passage of favorable legislation for several groups. Litigative and legislative activities occurred in the areas of civil rights, rights for the disadvantaged, and rights for the handicapped. A breakthrough for early intervention, focusing on disadvantaged children, was the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964. Part of this act was directed at the establishment of Project Head Start. This program was designed to provide early intervention for disadvantaged preschool children in the research found that these IQ gains disappeared after the children entered school. Based on societal and political pressures, Head Start continued despite the negative research findings. Arguments by researchers who questioned the findings and suggested that unmeasurable gains were being made bolstered the pro-Head Start forces. The results of a nineteen-year longitudinal study on children who participated in Head Start (the Perry Pre-school Project) found a number of positive results. These benefits included: (a) less need for special education, (b) more positive school attitudes, (c) less arrests, (d) less teen pregnancy, and (e) better employment histories. Other research has supported these findings. As an early intervention program, Head Start is the most well-known in the United States and has served over eight million preschoolers. Additionally, Head Start has had a major impact on early intervention for children with handicaps. The Economic Opportunity Acts Amendments of 1972 mandated that at least 10% of the total population served by Head Start be children with handicaps, giving Head Start the status of the first mandated, mainstreamed early intervention program in the United States. This occurred well before the concept of mainstreaming became popular in special education. One of the most important pieces of legislation regarding young children with handicaps was the Handicapped Children’s Early Education Assistance Act of 1968. This act established the Handicapped Children’s Early Education Program of the Department of Education, which has been responsible for funding the majority of innovative service projects in early intervention that occurred in the United States. This legislation may be viewed as the formal beginning of the field of early intervention for the handicapped. HCEEP programs will be discussed more fully later in this chapter in the section on current practices. The next major legislation to affect early intervention activities was an act that impacted significantly on educational practices for all handicapped children–the Education of All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 (P. L. 94-142). P. L. 94-142 provided for a free, appropriate public education with related services to all children with handicaps between the ages of three and twenty-one years. This act has been called the â€Å"Bill of Rights† for children with handicaps. The overall impact of this act on educational practice has been discussed in other places. While this act documented acceptance of the need for early intervention by the federal government, it also provided individual states with the option not to serve these young children. Unfortunately, this was an option many states adopted. In 1985, only twenty-four of the fifty states had mandated services for handicapped children under age five and only eight states had mandated services for handicapped children under age three. Although P. L. 94-142 had a major impact on such intervention, supporters of early intervention were aware of the implementation problems involved in serving young children. As a result of successes with preschool early intervention, the need for services for even younger children was being heralded. Congress responded to these calls for early intervention in 1983 by passing the Amendments to the Education of the Handicapped Act (P. L. 98-199). These amendments provided financial incentives for states to extend early intervention service levels down to birth. Unfortunately, funding remained dependent upon the number of children served between the ages of three and five, and the act, in effect, diluted the funding available for the three- to five-year-old children. Also, incentives built into these amendments to encourage individual state participation were weak and ineffectual. Lobbying groups for early intervention continued their activities to push through a law mandating early intervention for all young children with handicaps. In 1986, Congress responded by passing P. L. 99-457, (Amendments to the Education of the Handicapped Act). P. L. 99-457 mandated that all preschool-aged children with handicaps receive a free and appropriate education by 1991. This law provided penalties for states that did not conform to the law. In addition, P. L. 99-457 created a new state grant program for infants and toddlers with handicaps. The passage of P. L. 99-457 has signaled a new era for early intervention. The federal government has recognized the need for early intervention (at least at the preschool level) and has provided funds to support it. P. L. 99-457 is also significant in other ways. Children need not be classified into narrowly defined categories to receive services. The importance of the family in development has been heavily emphasized, especially for those children under age three years. For infants and toddlers, the definition of what constitutes intervention services has been broadened. For all children, a wide variety of possible intervention options has been acknowledged. It is clear that the passage of P. L. 99-457 is not the final stop for advocates of early intervention. Concerns regarding how states will implement preschool services and how service policies will be defined remain. Questions regarding services for infants and toddlers are just beginning to be addressed. Many problems still exist, but Public Law 99-457 represents a major accomplishment for advocates of early intervention and a benefit for the children and families who will receive services. Problems in the Present Currently, early intervention activities regarding the development of and research on â€Å"best practices† are occurring. However, there is a growing tendency to question some of what has been accomplished by early intervention. Questions have arisen concerning the research on which early intervention activities are based and on the data from which costs have been obtained. These particular areas–research and costs–have traditionally provided a foundation for early intervention. This report briefly reviews concerns regarding knowledge of costs and the research base of early intervention. Early Intervention Research In a â€Å"review of reviews,† White, Bush, and Casto (1985-86) found overwhelming agreement that early intervention is effective (94% of fifty-two studies). Unfortunately, they also found that a number of these reviews based this assertion primarily or solely on studies done with disadvantaged children. The benefits of early intervention for disadvantaged children are not a major issue of contention. Controversy ensues when these findings are over generalized to children with handicaps. A number of well-conducted reviews of early intervention for handicapped children has been completed. These reviews have been cautious with their conclusions, but overall the findings have been quite negative, particularly regarding the validity of the studies. Dunst, Snyder, and Mankinen (1987) found that 71% of the forty-nine studies they reviewed used methods that made the results scientifically uninterpretable. Other researchers essentially agreed with the Dunst, Snyder, and Mankinen findings. They then attempted to argue that the lack of effectiveness found for early intervention programs was a result of the nature of studies in early intervention. Researchers used meta-analytic techniques to examine a number of common assumptions made regarding early intervention programs and found little empirical support for those assumptions. An extremely comprehensive review by Dunst, Snyder, and Mankinen ( 1987), which examined 105 studies by degree of causality and by type of child served, was no more positive for the early intervention movement. These authors stated that any conclusions regarding the efficacy of early intervention must be considered tentative and conditional. They noted that â€Å"there is insufficient evidence at this time to conclude that there are cause-effect relationships between the interventions and outcomes observed†. Dunst and associates further stated, in agreement with Casto and Mastropieri (1986), that children in early intervention programs do make positive developmental and behavioral changes across time but that â€Å"the extent to which the interventions are responsible for observed effects is difficult to ascertain† (p. 285 ). Some researchers have been critical of reviews of early intervention because they tend to exclude single-subject methodology research. Many of the problems in reviewing this literature base are related to the subjective nature of comparing this research, as no standard metric is employed across studies. Reviews of the single-subject literature in early intervention have been conducted and are favorable but have not significantly refuted other reviews. Single-subject studies do show strong evidence for a functional relationship between dependent and independent variables. These single-subject studies usually focus on a narrow, well-defined objective. Although this is useful for demonstrating functional relationships, it represents only parts of the whole of an early intervention program. Also, these studies are usually conducted under rigorous investigative control, a feature not available in most early intervention programs. Successful programs frequently have problems when disseminated for use by a wider audience. Also, many single-subject studies do not sufficiently address generalization and maintenance issues. Researchers provide suggestions for single-subject research in early intervention, many of which are identical to those that need to be addressed by group research.

The History of Asbestos †Health Sciences

The History of Asbestos – Health Sciences Free Online Research Papers The History of Asbestos Health Sciences There is an estimated 1.3 million employees in construction and general industry face significant asbestos exposure on the job. There is a lot of exposure to asbestos in the construction industry (Safety). This is particularly during the removal of asbestos during renovation or demolition. Employees also are at risk during the manufacture of asbestos products and during automotive brake and clutch repair work (Safety). Asbestos has been used for more than 2,000 years. Greeks used asbestos heavily for many applications, like wicks of external flames or funeral dresses for the cremation of kings, and things such as napkins (History). The use of asbestos declined during the Middle Ages. Asbestos use was brought back in the 1700s, but did not become popular until the Industrial Revolution during the late 1800s (History). It then began to be used as insulation for steam pipes, turbines, boilers, kilns, ovens, and other high-temperature products. Ancient observations of the health risks of asbestos were either forgotten or ignored. Asbestos was used in over 3,500 buildings and consumer products (Asbestos). It was no doubt that at the turn of the twentieth century, researchers began to notice a lot of deaths and lung problems in asbestos mining towns. In 1917 and 1918, it was found by numerous studies that asbestos workers were dying at a high rate (History of Asbestos). In the 1930s medical journals began to publish articles that linked asbestos to cancer (History). The re-discovery of asbestos-related diseases was forgotten about for several years due to the emergence of silicosis (a lung disease caused by silica dust inhalation). The affected workers affected by asbestos diseases, brought $300 million in lawsuits against their employers (History). This served as a big warning to the asbestos companies, and afterwards they tried to hide the health effects of asbestos. Asbestos companies continued to use asbestos in manufacturing and construction. Despite that many materials, such as fiberglass insulation, were created to replace asbestos, companies that used asbestos ignored the safer alternatives (History). They simply denied the facts that asbestos was a hazard and ignored the problems. The conduct of the asbestos companies were especially egregious, however, because the victims were largely exploited workers who were unaware of the serious health risks they were exposed to on a daily basis (History). Asbestos is the name for silicate materials that are fibrous in structure and are more resistant to acid and fire than other materials. It has two forms, serpentine and amphibole (What is Asbestos?). Asbestos is used for thermal insulation, fire proofing, electrical insulation, building materials, brake linings and has been used in numerous industries (What is Asbestos?). With asbestos, the fibers become so small that they become hazard and become undetected to the respiratory defense system. Asbestos’ ore form will initially divide in visible stands, fiber bundles, and individual fibers. Those visible strands, bundle, and fibers will continue to split into microscopic fibers. The splitting of the fibers is what making asbestos so hazardous. Asbestos is known for being a potent carcinogen, that is, a cancer-causing substance, and is a serious health hazard. It is the known cause of pleural plaques, asbestosis, mesothelioma, and causes cancers of the lung, esophagus, and colon. Diseases caused by asbestos have a long latency period, usually taking ten to forty years before showing any symptoms of the disease (What Is Asbestos?). This is especially apparent today, when people who worked with installing asbestos as insulation and other materials in the 1970s are just now coming to realize that they are developing cancer at alarming rates. (What is Asbestos?). Every kind of asbestos causes cancer and every kind of asbestos can cause asbestosis. Asbestosis is a progressive disease which may develop fully in 7 to 9 years and may cause death as early as 13 years after the first exposure (Asbestos). In many cases, though, the latency period is 20 years or more (Asbestos). When asbestos fibers (sometimes so small they are invisible) are inhaled, they lodge in and irritate the lung. This irritation sets up a reaction an inflammation in the small air tubes and sacs of the lung. As the inflammation heals, it leaves scar tissue, called fibrosis (Asbestos). In the lung, this fibrosis causes the lining of the air sacs to thicken so that it is hard for oxygen to pass from the air into your bloodstream. Slowly, as the scarring progresses, the worker begins to suffocate (Asbestos). The lack of oxygen and hard breathing symptoms put a huge strain on the heart, so a worker suffering from asbestos may either die of suffocation or of a weak heart leading to heart failure (Asbestos). Once the process of fibrosis or scarring starts in asbestosis, it becomes a irreversible and is aggressive. The most serious hazard of exposure to asbestos is cancer, and it takes less exposure to asbestos to cause cancer than to cause asbestosis (Asbestos). Two kinds of cancers related to asbestos are lung cancer and mesothelioma. Asbestos also causes cancer of the throat, stomach, esophagus, and bowel (Asbestos). Mesothelioma, cancer of the lining of the chest and the abdominal cavities, is an extremely rare kind of cancer and is almost always caused by exposure to asbestos (Asbestos). This cancer is incurable and there is no treatment (Asbestos). Gastrointestinal cancer is a general term for several different cancers of the digestive system. It includes cancers of the esophagus, stomach, colon, and rectum. These are thought to be caused by the swallowing of asbestos fibers (Asbestos). Asbestos is recognized as a heal hazard and is highly regulated. OSHA and EPA asbestos rules are intertwined. This is in order to provide workers with the safest conditions when they are involved or working around asbestos. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration had provided three standards to protect workers from exposure to asbestos in the workplace (Osha). The first one covers construction work, including alteration, repair, and renovation and demolition of structures containing asbestos. The second one covers asbestos exposure during work in shipyards. The last one applies to asbestos exposure in general industry, such as exposure during brake and clutch repair, custodial work, and manufacture of asbestos containing products (IAQ). These standards comply with the fact that employers have to be put in safer environments and beware of the implications of safety standards applied. Employers are required to provide workers with protective clothing for workers. Emp loyers must provide and ensure the use of respirators when a PEL is exceeded (IAQ). Effective October 11, 1994, the OSHA permissible exposure level (PEL) is 0.1 fibers of asbestos per cubic centimeter of air (f/cc) for an 8-hour time weighted average (TWA). The excursion limit is 0.1 f/cc for a 30-minute sampling period. Asbestos removal is not required and, in fact, federal regulators say they would like to see the asbestos stay where it is as long as the insulating material is wrapped and covered (Asbestos). Any worker who may come across loose asbestos must be trained on how to avoid disturbing the material and in some cases be provided with protective equipment such as respirators. Work Cited Asbestos. Oct. 1994. Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers International Union. 9, Feb. 2006. Asbestos Disease. 2003-2006. Asbestos Resource Center 9, Feb. 2006. History of Asbestos. 2003-2006. Asbestos Resource Center. 9, Feb. 2006. IAQ Fact Sheet: Asbestos. Environmental Health Center. 9, Feb. 2006. Osha Fact Sheet. 2002. U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration. 9, Feb. 2006. Safety and Health Topics: Asbestos. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. 9 Feb. 2006. What is Asbestos?. 2003-2006. Asbestos Resource Center. 9, Feb. 2006 Research Papers on The History of Asbestos - Health SciencesMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductTwilight of the UAWGenetic EngineeringDefinition of Export QuotasInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesBringing Democracy to Africa19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionThe Project Managment Office SystemBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of Self

Introduction to Psychology Essays

Introduction to Psychology Essays Introduction to Psychology Essay Introduction to Psychology Essay Introduction to Psychology Introduction to the Unit Unit overview This unit focuses on understanding psychological theory and its application to life. It provides you with an understanding of: psychology as a social science the biological basis of behaviour psychological development through the lifespan sensation and perception states of consciousness memory, learning and conditioning theories cognition, language, creativity and intelligence motivation and emotion personality psychological disorders and their treatment health, stress and coping Unit objectives By the conclusion of this unit, you should be able to: demonstrate and describe the role of psychology in various areas of life demonstrate an understanding of psychology as a social science use basic terminology and concepts of psychological theory apply psychological theories to your own life Textbook The textbook for this unit is by Weiten, W. , Dunn, D. S. , Hammer, E. Y. (2012). Psychology applied to modern life: Adjustment in the 21st century (10th ed. ). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. This manual directs you to the relevant chapters of your textbook associated with each section. Unit Overview Introduction to Psychology Studying for this unit The content of this unit has been designed to maximise the learning and the integration of the subject matter. Some of the unit material may be specific to the Australian context. Students are encouraged to access additional information relevant to their local area that will assist in applying the learning. This may include specific legislation, professional associations and locally published journals. It is important that your learning is broadbased. Accessing local resources that build on what is contained in this unit will greatly assist your learning. In studying this unit, you will need a notebook for completing the activities and selfassessment for each section. Within your notebook, you may like to set aside space for: completing a glossary of new terminology introduced in this unit personal notes on unit content and readings In general, students are expected to: read each section of the unit carefully and make notes on anything which is new, vague, tentative or in conflict with your knowledge or experience complete each activity fully and honestly before moving on complete readings of the textbook, making notes of important insights or facts There may be periodic suggestions or issues on which you are asked to deliberate and reflect. Sometimes these are dilemmas or difficult issues associated with the study topic. These have no obvious right or wrong answers. Activities Appropriate activities are set throughout the unit to give opportunities for further learning. They are designed to help you think through and practise the specific skills and general concepts presented in this unit. They do not need to be sent to the unit educator for marking. However, valuable learning opportunities may be missed by not completing the activities. Readings The manual directs you to readings that are found in the ‘Readings Pack’. These readings are selected from journals and books that provide additional information or a different perspective on topics covered in each section. They are from a range of authorities and expand the content of this unit. Unit Overview 2 Introduction to Psychology Self-assessment There are self-assessment questions at the end of each section to test your understanding of the section’s content. Try to recall the answers to these questions unaided. Write down what you remember, before going back to review the relevant material in the section. Some of the questions will require more than simple recall. Some will require bringing together separate issues or different pieces of information. Real learning is not just remembering what was read. It involves making this knowledge your own by: reflecting on it questioning it relating it to personal experiences restating it in your own words Assignments The assignments for this unit are carefully set so they develop from and support the key concepts and skills of the unit. Reference list The reference list for this unit is located at the end pages of the manual. Unit Overview 3 Introduction to Psychology Contents Section 1: Introduction to Psychology and the Biological Bases of Behaviour Section 2: The Science of Psychology: Tools and Research Methods Section 3: Psychological Development through the Lifespan Section 4: Personality: Theory, Research and Assessment Section 5: Sensation and Perception Section 6: Health, Stress and Coping Section 7: States of Consciousness Section 8: Memory, Learning and Conditioning Section 9: Motivation and Emotion Section 10: Cognition, Language, Creativity and Intelligence Section 11: Psychological Disorders and Social Issues Section 12: Treatment of Psychological Disorders Unit Overview 4 Introduction to Psychology Assignment requirements Ensure you keep a copy of all material submitted. This includes audio–visual recordings. Assignment Type % Word Count Week Due Academic Essay 50 2000 8 Academic Essay 50 2000 11 Unit Overview 5 Introduction to Psychology Assignment 1 Assignment Type Weighting Word Count Week Due Academic Essay 50 2000 8 Choose one of the following topics and write an essay discussing the topic in light of theory you have learned about in this unit: 1. Stress is an epidemic in the 21st century and impacts on people’s behaviour in many ways. Discuss in light of the literature. 2. Compare and contrast two theories of personality. Ensure you include a definition of personality in your essay. 3. Research suggests that first impressions are created within the first few minutes of meeting someone. Discuss the factors that impact on our perception of others and some of the elements that affect the accuracy of first impressions. Your essay should include: A clear articulation of your chosen topic A discussion of the topic as outlined in the essay descriptions above An analysis of the topic in light of current literature Unit Overview 6 Introduction to Psychology Outstanding Very good Good Satisfactory Not Satisfactory Marking Criteria – Academic Essay Content 1. Topic clearly articulated 2. Topic discussed as per essay description provided 3. Topic analysed in light of current literature 4. Evidence of familiarity with relevant literature and theory Structure 5. Appropriate introduction provided that clearly articulates the topic 6. Main ideas clearly and logically presented 7. Appropriate conclusion provided that summarises the key findings/ideas 8. Relevant literature used properly Subtotal: Yes / 85 No Partial Written Expression 9. Third person writing style used 10. Fluent writing style used with correct spelling, grammar and punctuation Presentation 11. Presentation guidelines followed as specified in the Academic Skills Guide 12. Word count within 10% of requirement Referencing 13. In-text referencing guidelines followed as specified in the Academic Skills Guide, and if not covered in the ASG then by the APA convention (6th edition) 14. List of references provided as outlined in the Academic Skills Guide, and if not covered by the ASG then by the APA convention (6th edition) Subtotal: / 15 Total Mark: /100 Weighted Scale: / 50 Grade: Unit Overview 7 Introduction to Psychology Comments: Unit Overview 8 Introduction to Psychology Assignment 2 Assignment Type Weighting Word Count Week Due Academic Essay 50 2000 11 Choose one of the areas listed below. Identify and critically evaluate the role of internal and external factors in relation to this area. 1. Sensation/Perception – e. g. physical vs. psychological 2. Motivation – e. g. intrinsic vs. extrinsic 3. Intelligence – e. g. nature vs. nurture 4. Learning – e. g. the role of external vs. internal rewards Your essay should include: A clear articulation of your chosen topic A discussion of the topic as outlined in the essay descriptions above An analysis of the topic in light of current literature Unit Overview 9 Introduction to Psychology Outstanding Very good Good Satisfactory Not Satisfactory Marking Criteria – Academic Essay Content 1. Topic clearly articulated 2. Topic discussed as per essay description provided 3. Topic analysed in light of current literature 4. Evidence of familiarity with relevant literature and theory Structure 5. Appropriate introduction provided that clearly articulates the topic 6. Main ideas clearly and logically presented 7. Appropriate conclusion provided that summarises the key findings/ideas 8. Relevant literature used properly Subtotal: Yes / 85 No Partial Written Expression 9. Third person writing style used 10. Fluent writing style used with correct spelling, grammar and punctuation Presentation 11. Presentation guidelines followed as specified in the Academic Skills Guide 12. Word count within 10% of requirement Referencing 13. In-text referencing guidelines followed as specified in the Academic Skills Guide, and if not covered in the ASG then by the APA convention (6th edition) 14. List of references provided as outlined in the Academic Skills Guide, and if not covered by the ASG then by the APA convention (6th edition) Subtotal: / 15 Total Mark: /100 Weighted Scale: / 50 Grade: Unit Overview 10 Introduction to Psychology Comments: Unit Overview 1 Introduction to Psychology Assignment support and information Important and valuable information about completing your assignments can be found in the following places: Academic skills guide – found in the ‘Student Resources’ section of my. acap Study skills guide – found in the ‘Student Resources’ secti on of my. acap the ‘Learning Support’ section of the ‘Current Students’ part of the ACAP website All assignments are to be submitted online through my. acap. You can find more information on the assignment process on the ‘Assessment Information’ section of the ‘Current Students’ part of the ACAP website. Unit Overview 12

Venetian Altarpieces 1460-1505 Literature review

Venetian Altarpieces 1460-1505 - Literature review Example The altarpieces were often funded by the affluent Venetians, therefore the altarpieces, like the chapels that house them, were often meant as a celebration of the affluence and rank of these families. Seidel (1994) states that such patronage could be a family’s way of regaining prominence after it has returned from exile, or could be a way to celebrate enormous prosperity for the family. Humfrey (1994) states that, for instance, Jacopo Bellini’s altarpiece Annunciation was commissioned by the widow of Gattamelata, Giacomo da Leonessa. De Leonessa was closely associated with Donatello and was a patron of Mantegna. As such, she was at the forefront of the Renaissance art in Northeastern Italy, and she wanted her altarpieces to be as up to date as these other pieces. This meant that Jacopo Bellini would have had specific terms for his commission to construct the Annunciation. Rubin (1994) states that the subject of the painting was not usually left to the artist, but, rather, was decided by the patrons before the artist even begun working. The subject was decided before the artist was even chosen. The patrons would usually decide what it was that they were trying to convey, and calculated their needs and budget for the work accordingly. The patrons then set out to find a master to carry out their designs. The wills, bequests, and donations for these altarpieces usually stipulated that the paintings be carried out by a famous or skilled master. The painter could, however, embellish the painting as he saw as being necessary – for instance, the painter, such as Perugino, would add angels, ornaments and extra heads. However, these artists were not invented, so much as they were ornamenting or filling in the blanks for the patrons. It was all very workmanlike, according to Muraro (1994), in that the artist or the artist’s house would sign a detai led contract that would dictate which patron saints would be depicted, the time that would be allotted for the painting to be completed, the day for delivery of the painting, the information about arbitration in cases of dispute, and the forms of payment.

Philosophy of Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Philosophy of Nursing - Essay Example The life philosophy may vary based on individual differences, cultural differences and the religious differences. Philosophy is a kind of beliefs, values and goals a person sets in his life. Philosophy in short is the personal belief about how to live or how to deal with a situation. On academic terms, philosophy is the origin of every sort of knowledge. In olden times, when science was not developed much, the philosophers were the persons who interpreted the problems and they were able to provide answers to the doubts of the common people. Philosophy was the first sort of knowledge originated in human history. All the other subjects like, science, mathematics, literature etc gradually separated from philosophy when the knowledge became gradually increased. Since the origin of every sort of knowledge is attributed to philosophy, the highest degree awarded in all the subjects is labelled as Doctor of Philosophy or PhD in academics. Two persons working in an organization, in the same department and same position may approach their work differently because of their difference in attitudes and philosophy about work. For example, consider two accountants working in the same company. One may finish his works daily and may not keep anything for the next day. The other may not finish his works in time and he may keep something for the next day. This is because of their difference in attitude or philosophy in approaching the profession. Nursing profession is considered as a noble profession because of their contributions in saving the life of sick people. For me nurses are not getting the respect they deserve from the society considering the nature of their services. I have selected nursing as my profession because of its relevance and value in the society. For me human life is the most important thing in the world and I am happy, if I am