Knowledge Management for National Population- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theKnowledge Management for National Population and Talent. Answer: This essay would be taking into account the exploration on the ways companies can re-design on the systems of HRM along with practices making use of Knowledge Management and principles of Organizational Learning in increasing innovation and competitive advantage over the period of next five years. This essay would first be discussing on the issue within the context of Singapore workforce, it would then be providing the functions of Human Resource Management (HRM), Organizational Learning and Knowledge Management. Singapore boasts of a rapid workforce with the National Population and Talent Division stating that there would e approximately 9, 00,000 baby-boomers leaving the workforce of Singapore between at this instant and 2030. According to Hislop, the Population White Paper that has been published in 2013 January (National Population and Talent Division), the projected entrants number into the workforce of Singapore in the year 2030 alone stands at 1, 70,000 while the projected retirement number stands at 2, 58,000. The shift within the demographics indicates a probability of shortage in labor in the coming years. It is significant for the organizations and their department for human resources in foreseeing such trend presently and starting to plan for the potential recruitment, training for retention of knowledge along with starting their program for succession planning. The Human Resources Management generally refers to the activities taking in recruitment, development and training along with compensation for all sorts of personnel. Even though the HRM sits in the analysis of Michael Porters Value Chain as an activity of support along with the infrastructure of the firm, procurement and technology, it should be distinguished unlike the respite of the activities (Holsapple). The factors of human resource are stated to be the only intangible source of an organization that cannot be easily simulated. According to Hasanali, Knowledge Management (KM) can be defined as the efficient processes of learning connected with the factors of exploration, utilization along with sharing of knowledge for humans using the appropriate cultural environments and technology in enhancing an organizations rational capital and presentation. The processes of Knowledge Management takes into account on the ways the knowledge has been acquired, generated, stored, refined and used. Based on the presented issue, the factor of knowledge management has been a pressing matter for the organizations. It is significant for the soon-to-retire employees imparting their skills along with knowledge to the new and existing employees in ensuring the fact of stability and retaining the competitive advantage within the business environment. Companies might also require coming across for ways in redesigning the process of work in coping with the shortage of labor. As per Manev, Gjorgji, and Jorde Jakimovski, Organizational Learning can be defined as the procedure of developing the actions of the organizations through better knowledge along with understanding. Organizational learning is generally been seen as a knowledge management goal that might be obtained through good strategies of knowledge management and procedures. Through the motivation of the creation, propagation along with knowledge application, KM initiatives have been paying off by assisting the organization implant knowledge into the process of organization for it to regularly develop the behaviors and practices along with pursuing the attainment of its goals. Organization learning and Knowledge Management in the training and development can be defined as a incessant effort in designing the development of the competency of employees and performance of organizations. Training offers the trainees with relevant information along with skills required for their present job, while the improvement arms them with the required knowledge for their future role. Training and development helps employees with the skills and required knowledge in keeping up with the modifications and growth of the company. It can also help in developing and improving the culture of the corporate, effectiveness along with assisting in generating of the learning culture within the organization. In a conventional setting of the company, the Human Resource Department (HRD) would focus on programs of training for the employees while the employees would be looking for the developmental programs in upgrading and submitting their requests for approval to the supervisors and HRD. It is for the HRD to review their requests with the supervisor and commend or rebuff the application. This process can generally be seen as the learning of single-loop nature whereby the HRD is conscious that the employees are generally interested in definite courses for development. In the scenario of double-loop learning, the HRD can review the improvement course that is being requested by the employees and assessing on the selection of that particular course, on the ways it helps in developing the employee and the significant competencies it would be equipping the employees with after attending the program for the development. As per Najjaran et al., the HRD can then be monitoring the programs of its training and decide on whether to integrate the new programs into the existing portfolio of training. The HRM is required to generate a culture that would be supporting the process of active learning along with encouraging of the creation of knowledge. The dimension of knowledge creation that has been introduced by Nonaka and Hirotaka implies the ways knowledge is been generated and transferred within an organization (Najjaran et al.). Using the principles of knowledge management along with that of knowledge creation would provide the companies with opportunities in creating and maintaining of a culture that promotes innovation. The promotion of innovation is through providing the employees with an environment that welcomes new ideas, association between the employees are being encouraged and rewarding of the employees for showcasing their effort in creating and sharing of the knowledge. In an environment that is being boasted by OL and KM, the HRD needs to work enthusiastically with several functions in the organization for evaluating and reviewing of the training materials for advocating regular learning. Explicit knowledge can be shared easily through the formal methods of training along with development, tacit knowledge, though, is difficult in sharing. However, it is complex than the process of sharing of the same. Therefore, a culture taking into account the tacit knowledge sharing from the expert to novice needs proper encouragement too. Creation of knowledge, transfer, regular learning along with innovation are stated to be important components for the organization in gaining competitive advantage over their rivals. For achieving the competitive advantage, HRM needs to view employees as resources and human capital, the main objective been harvesting the potential of employees through offering of an environment and resources for leaning in helping create inimitable ideas (Manev, Gjorgji, and Jorde Jakimovski). Conventionally, as per Birasnav, the organizations have always been reviewing succession planning as an obligation in preparing for exiting of the high-level personnel. With the obstructing of the shortage of labor, it might have become significant for the organizations in implementing the strategy for succession planning for all positions. At the time when an employee shifts from an older role to a new one or leave the present company, the tacit knowledge that the employees have on team norms, communication ways along with other factors generally move alongside with employees (Ing-Long, and Jian-Liang Chen). This budge generates a knowledge gap in the organization that has been improved with the experience of the employees. Employees who are new have little time in learning these tacit knowledge and have to commence from the scratch on the ways to perform his new duties. In most of the companies, the present role of HRD while encountering the exiting employees of the organization might comprise collection of the belongings from the employees, conducting of the exit interviews along with preparation of the final payroll. However, with the shortage of labor, organizations would find immense gap in knowledge within the next five years if they do not commence their program for succession planning. In Organizational learning and Knowledge management environment, the HRD has the ability in incorporating program for succession planning flanking with the programs of development and training (Hotho et al.). The organization needs to take a dynamic role in evaluating the employees number who would be attaining the age for retirement over the period of next year and recognizing the roles performed and the required knowledge for performing such roles. The systems for support along with team management can be implemented for supporting of the knowledge. Analytical skills along with technological aspects can be put to great use in in understanding the previous knowledge obtainable from the organizational activities and developing of the fresh strategies for Knowledge Management (Linda and Jerry Guo). The business organizations existing in Singapore requires implementing the infrastructures of improved networking with the community of the organizations in supporting the knowledge embedding. The application of the pioneering technology can be supportive in allowing the knowledge management in the organizations in Singapore. A better strategy of knowledge management can be utilized in improving the efficiency and efficacy of the scheduled training and development programs. The present practices of the handover session where the worker who would be exiting imparts their knowledge through verbal instructions along with written one that have been deemed helpful for the regular tasks that are being performed on repeated basis. The HRM in Singapore can plan ahead for the process of succession planning in preventing and minimizing the gap of knowledge. It has been revealed previously that the organizations and HRD needs to recognize the number, roles within the jobs and the required skills of the impending retirees (Edwards). Next in line should be the identification for the alternates for the jobs either within the organization or on external basis. For the internal candidates , the Human Resource Development needs to examine if the candidate is good enough to fit into the new role. If there exists any sort of gap in the competency extent, whether the candidate is willing to instruct and learn in reducing the gap. For the external candidates, other than assessing their fitting into the role, the Human Resource Development needs to assess if the candidate has enough in him to fit into the culture of the company. Following that the HRD would then be communicating the soon-to-retire employees along with the probable replacement on the program of succession planning. It has been stated that the resistance to the change is unavoidable, it can however, be minimized through the use of the Lewins change model. The HRD along with the leaders of the company should communicate the urgency on the change factor, informing the employees on the imminent shortage and the requirement in retaining the knowledge factor (Jain and Ana Moreno). Generating of a conducive environment for the transfer of the knowledge is often symbolized by ba in the SECI model of Nonaka. This would be forming the unfreezing element of the Lewins model. Utilizing the SECI model in implementing the change part in Lewins change model is where the replaced employee shadows the presented employee in the aspect of their job. Due to the ageing workforce and population, it is being estimated that Singapore companies would be encountering shortage in labor over the period of next few years. In order to stay aggressive along with maintaining the competitive advantage over its rivals, companies need to focus on the ways in re-focusing on the programs for training and development. The focus should also be on the succession planning in preventing the loss of the key knowledge and knowledge opening that would materialize when the generation of the baby boomers head towards the age of retirement. Through the adoption of the organizational learning and knowledge management along with strategies, companies would need to encourage and motivate the creation of new and fresh knowledge. Companies can also acquire important knowledge on the roles of the jobs and the processes and evaluate whether they would be remaining pertinent in the years to come. Organizational leaning and knowledge management advocates that for maintaining of the competitive advantage. Companies need to support creation of knowledge, regular learning and innovation process. It can be concluded that if the management of human resources keep upgrading their program for training and development along with providing a favorable environment for learning that encourages innovation and planning early for the employees who would be retiring. Reference: Argote, Linda, and Jerry M. Guo. "Routines and transactive memory systems: Creating, coordinating, retaining, and transferring knowledge in organizations."Research in Organizational Behavior36 (2016): 65-84. Birasnav, M. "Knowledge management and organizational performance in the service industry: The role of transformational leadership beyond the effects of transactional leadership."Journal of Business Research67, no. 8 (2014): 1622-1629. Edwards, John. "Knowledge management in energy sector organizations."Handbook of Research on Knowledge Management: Adaptation and Context(2014): 157. Hasanali, Farida. "Critical Success Factors of Knowledge Management (2002)." (2015). Hislop, Donald.Knowledge management in organizations: A critical introduction. Oxford University Press, 2013. Holsapple, Clyde, ed.Handbook on knowledge management 1: Knowledge matters. Vol. 1. Springer Science Business Media, 2013. Hotho, Jasper J., Marjorie A. Lyles, and Mark Easterby?Smith. "The mutual impact of global strategy and organizational learning: Current themes and future directions."Global Strategy Journal5, no. 2 (2015): 85-112. Jain, Ajay K., and Ana Moreno. "Organizational learning, knowledge management practices and firms performance: an empirical study of a heavy engineering firm in India."The Learning Organization22, no. 1 (2015): 14-39. Manev, Gjorgji, and Jorde Jakimovski. "Knowledge management based organizations."kola biznisa1 (2015): 34-46. Meihami, Bahram, and Hussein Meihami. "Knowledge Management a way to gain a competitive advantage in firms (evidence of manufacturing companies)."International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences3 (2014): 80-91. Najjaran, Meisam, Alireza Ma'toufi, Kambiz Esmaeilnia Shirvani, and Ali Farhadi. "An Investigation into the Relationship between Organizational Infrastructure and Knowledge Management Strategy." (2014). Wu, Ing-Long, and Jian-Liang Chen. "Knowledge management driven firm performance: The roles of business process capabilities and organizational learning."Journal of Knowledge Management18, no. 6 (2014): 1141-1164.

Stakeholder Analysis The Abu Dhabi National Energy Company (TAQA)

Table of Contents Abstract Introduction Identification of Stakeholders Perspectives of Stakeholders Principles of Stakeholder Management Conclusion References Abstract The Abu Dhabi National Energy Company (TAQA) is the largest energy company in the MENA region which mission is to provide the water desalination and the power generation along with the gas and oil exploration within the region. The company’s stakeholder management can be discussed with references to Freeman’s Stakeholder Theory which focuses on the role of stakeholders in the organisation’s development.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Stakeholder Analysis: The Abu Dhabi National Energy Company (TAQA) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is necessary to concentrate on TAQA’s primary stakeholders who are shareholders and customers and on the local communities as the company’s significant secondary stakeholder. T hese stakeholders are associated with different stakeholders’ perspectives. The relations between managers and stakeholders are regulated according to principles of stakeholder management. The purpose of the report is to analyse the stakeholders of TAQA in relation to Freeman’s Stakeholder Theory. Introduction The Abu Dhabi National Energy Company (TAQA) is the largest company within the energy industry in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region which was founded in 2005. The company is controlled by the government which owns more than 72% of TAQA. The company specialises in power generation and water desalination. Thus, the company’s basic functions and operations are the oil and gas exploration and their further production (TAQA, 2012). It is necessary to focus on examining the company in relation to its stakeholders. To provide the stakeholder analysis, it is important to refer to Freeman’s Stakeholder Theory according to which the company can b e examined as the group of stakeholders which is influenced and can affect the outside participants or stakeholders. From this point, a stakeholder is the person or a group which can be involved in the process of the company’s development and be affected by this process that is why the organisation should orient in its development to the stakeholders’ interests (Mellahi, Morrell, Wood, 2010). Thus, the purpose of the report is to determine and explore the stakeholders of the Abu Dhabi National Energy Company in relation to Freeman’s Stakeholder Theory and with references to their perspectives and principles of stakeholder management. Identification of Stakeholders Being the largest â€Å"owner of power generation and water desalination assets in the United Arab Emirates†, TAQA’s progress depends on many stakeholders who can contribute to the company’s development or be influenced by the organisation’s strategies (TAQA, 2012). TAQA op erates not only in the MENA region, the company also has the developed partnership with the companies in the North America and Europe. It is possible to determine ten major stakeholders whose role is significant for the company’s development: Shareholders Employees Customers Business partners Suppliers and distributors Local communities Research institutions Competitors (the other influential energy companies within the industry) Financiers Public authorities Stakeholders can be divided into primary and secondary ones. Primary stakeholders are those ones who can be directly affected by the company’s development along with influencing the organization’s progress with their own activities. Secondary stakeholders are usually indirectly involved in the company’s development because they are not connected with the industry itself (Mellahi, Morrell, Wood, 2010).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, two TAQA’s primary stakeholders are not only associated with the power generation and energy industry but also with the company’s activities. It is necessary to analyse such TAQA’s primary stakeholders as shareholders and customers. The secondary stakeholder for the analysis is the local communities. TAQA’s main shareholder is the ADWEA (Abu Dhabi Water and Electricity Authority) with a 51% shareholding, the Farm Owners’ Fund has a 21.1% shareholding, and 27.5% are privately owned. Thus, the distribution of shareholding is significant for the company’s being the governmentally controlled but independent organisation and the largest energy company within the region (TAQA, 2012). TAQA’s shareholders are primary stakeholders because they control all the spheres of the company’s development within the industry and in relation to the international operations. It is necessary to not e that TAQA’s customers can be analysed not only in relation to the MENA region, but the customers can be also identified in such countries as the USA, the Netherlands, and Canada because of the company’s developed international relations (TAQA, 2012). The customers play the important role in TAQA’s progress because their needs affect the strategies worked out in the company and annual plans for realising the gas and oil exploration and further provision for the customers. The rates of the company’s growth are directly associated with the customers’ demands that is why customers should be discussed as the primary stakeholders. Local communities are also affected by TAQA’s activities. The company follows the principle of working together with the community to help to â€Å"build a sustainable business that benefits everyone†, and moreover, â€Å"this pledge to support economic and social development, and protect the environment is cor e to the way we behave as a business – whether as an employee, an operator, or a local partner† (TAQA, 2012). Thus, the issues of the environmental protection and local employment in the region can be discussed with references to TAQA. However, local communities are only the secondary stakeholders because they are external and have no direct economic relations with the company.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Stakeholder Analysis: The Abu Dhabi National Energy Company (TAQA) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Perspectives of Stakeholders It is important to pay attention to three perspectives of stakeholders. These perspectives are the descriptive, instrumental, and normative ones. According to Freeman, the descriptive perspective is the orientation to the actual roles and functions performed by stakeholders and the company’s managers in relation to stakeholders. The accents are made on the res ponse to the stakeholders’ interests (Mellahi, Morrell, Wood, 2010). From this point, the descriptive perspective is characterised for shareholders as the main stakeholders. The company’s strategy and the managers’ actions directly depend on the shareholders’ interest in the company’s development. For instance, the fact of TAQA’s basing on the government as the main shareholder determines the perspectives of the company’s development and business relations within the industry (TAQA, 2012). The instrumental perspective can be explained as the orientation to the further progress. The accents are made on the managers’ actions to satisfy the stakeholders’ needs and to contribute to gaining more benefits in the future. According to the instrumental perspective, it is important to maximise the profits and contribute to the company’s success. It is important to concentrate on stakeholders while determining and achieving the goals for the company’s strategic development in relation to the instrumental perspective (Mellahi, Morrell, Wood, 2010). That is why, the instrumental perspective should be also discussed with references to shareholders because they are the most influential stakeholders among the mentioned ones. For example, TAQA main shareholders are ADWEA (51.0%), the Financial Support Fund of the Farmers of Abu Dhabi (21.1%), thus, â€Å"both shareholders are 100% owned by Abu Dhabi Government† (TAQA Global, 2012). As a result, it is impossible to ignore the strategies developed by ADWEA for the next year while developing the strategic plan for TAQA, and the activities of the company’s managers are affected by the Abu Dhabi Government’s vision of the industry’s progress. That is why, the interests of TAQA’s shareholders become important from the point of the instrumental perspective. The normative perspective depends on the definite ethical princip les in relations between the managers and stakeholders. Thus, different ethical, philosophical, and moral aspects are also important for regulating the relations between the managers and stakeholders because following the ethical principles, it is possible to build the cooperative and positive relations which result in some positive effects.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the contrary, the ignorance of the ethical aspects can lead to the difficulties in building the partnership and other kinds of relations within the industry and in the other spheres. According to the normative concept, the company has definite responsibilities in relation to its stakeholders (Mellahi, Morrell, Wood, 2010). That is why, the normative perspective is directly associated with customers as primary stakeholders and indirectly connected with local communities as secondary stakeholders. It is important to focus on the company’s relations with customers. It is stated in TAQA’s ethical standards and principles that â€Å"we will strive to create mutual advantage by understanding the needs of our customers, contractors, suppliers and other business partners and conducting ourselves honestly, responsibly and fairly, with the highest level of integrity† (TAQA: Code of business ethics manual, n.d.). Moreover, â€Å"no one should take unfair advantage of others through manipulation, concealment, disparagement, abuse of privileged information, misrepresentation of material facts or any other unfair dealing practice† in relation to customers (TAQA: Code of business ethics manual, n.d.). The stated principles are important for developing the productive relations between the company and such stakeholders as customers. Principles of Stakeholder Management It was determined that the company has the definite responsibilities in relation to such stakeholders as shareholders, customers, employees, business partners, and local communities. These responsibilities are closely connected with seven principles of stakeholder management. It is possible to pay attention to three principles which can be discussed as influential for TAQA because of its direct orientation to following these principles. The first principle stresses the role of managers in acknowledging and managing the stakeholders’ interests and in responding to these inte rests and definite concerns. It is stated in the principle that these interests and concerns should be taken into consideration when managers develop strategies or they are involved in the decision-making process (Mellahi, Morrell, Wood, 2010). TAQA follows this principle directly because there are many primary and secondary stakeholders within the industry which affect the company’s development and can be affected significantly by the progress of the largest energy company in the MENA region. Thus, the company’s operations directly depend on the activities of employees, customers, suppliers, and business partners. The ignorance of any customer, supplier, or partner can lead to breaking the whole chain of the company’s activities. That is why, to provide the effective cooperation, it is necessary to meet stakeholders’ needs and respond to their interests. The next important principle for TAQA is the third principle. According to this principle, the manag ers should develop the definite behaviours in relation to the stakeholders’ constituency (Mellahi, Morrell, Wood, 2010). From this point, the third principle is connected with the first principle, and there are explanations according to the managers’ behaviours directed toward the stakeholders. For instance, the process of working out the strategies in TAQA and definite management processes for the next year are based on Abu Dhabi Government’s perspectives in relation to the energy industry because TAQA can be discussed the governmentally controlled company (TAQA, 2012). The seventh principle explains the ways to avoid the conflict between the interests of managers as stakeholders and the necessity to meet the interests of the other company’s stakeholders. The issues of legal and ethical responsibilities should be resolved with references to such methods as reports, communication, and meetings (Mellahi, Morrell, Wood, 2010). This principle should be dis cussed in relation to TAQA because the company has the reputation of the organization in which much attention is paid to building the positive relations between the stakeholders and managers. For instance, TAQA’s activities are based on satisfying the interests of managers as stakeholders and on providing the open dialogue between the company and such stakeholders as local communities. It is stated in TAQA’s principles, â€Å"we are also guided by our responsibility to give back to the communities in which we operate. We primarily do this by generating wealth, creating employment and developing skills in the communities in which we operate† (TAQA, 2012). Conclusion The Abu Dhabi National Energy Company known as TAQA develops its policy in relation to stakeholders according to the principles of stakeholder management. As a result, the company succeeds within the industry, meeting the interests and responding to the concerns of all the organization’s stakeh olders. It is possible to determine such primary stakeholders as shareholders (with references to Abu Dhabi Government) and customers and such a secondary significant stakeholder as the local community because the company concentrates on the environmental and communities’ issues, including the communities of all those countries in which TAQA operates. References Mellahi, K., Morrell, K., Wood, G. (2010). The ethical business: Challenges and controversies. UK: Palgrave Macmillan. TAQA. (2012). Retrieved from https://www.taqaglobal.com/ TAQA: Code of business ethics manual. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://secure.ethicspoint.com/domain/media/en/gui/23320/TAQA_Code_of_Business_Ethics.pdf TAQA Global. (2012). Retrieved from https://www.taqaglobal.com/ This report on Stakeholder Analysis: The Abu Dhabi National Energy Company (TAQA) was written and submitted by user W1ll to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Political Landscape From 1850 To 1860

Leading up to and even during the 1850’s, political parties within the union grew tense on the issue of slavery. In the text the author quotes Calhoun as saying â€Å"the cords holding the Union together had already begun to fray.† This is a great description of the growing animosity between the numerous party members. The most devastating blow to the Whig party was brought by the Kansas-Nebraska Act which was put forward by Stephen Douglas and repealed the Missouri Compromise and allowed popular sovereignty in the new territory of Kansas. With the split of the Whig party, some Northern Whigs joined the new American party which stood for serving the â€Å"patriotic cause of the Union.† Other Northern Whigs joined independent Democrats and Free Soilers arguing in opposition to slavery and forming what is later known as the Republican party in 1854. In 1854, at their first national convention, Republicans sought out John C. Fremont and took the first political party stance against slavery with the slogan â€Å"Free soil, free speech, and Fremont.† Republicans later named Abraham Lincoln as their 1860 presidential nominee. The Democratic party nominated James Buchanan for the 1856 election to run against Fremont. Contrary to the reaction of the Whig party, the Democratic platform endorsed the Kansas-Nebraska Act, plead with congress not to interfere with slavery issues, condemned nativism, and endorsed religious liberty. Buchanan won the election of 1856. Nearing the 1860 election, Democrats held their convention in Charleston, South Carolina. Here the party saw its split. Douglas supporters promised congressional noninterference with slavery while some southerners demanded protection of slavery. The climax of this party debate came when William L. Yancey informed Northern Democrats that they had â€Å"failed to defend slavery as a positive good.† In reply to this, a northern senator is claims that they had been mistaken and â€Å"We will no... Free Essays on Political Landscape From 1850 To 1860 Free Essays on Political Landscape From 1850 To 1860 Leading up to and even during the 1850’s, political parties within the union grew tense on the issue of slavery. In the text the author quotes Calhoun as saying â€Å"the cords holding the Union together had already begun to fray.† This is a great description of the growing animosity between the numerous party members. The most devastating blow to the Whig party was brought by the Kansas-Nebraska Act which was put forward by Stephen Douglas and repealed the Missouri Compromise and allowed popular sovereignty in the new territory of Kansas. With the split of the Whig party, some Northern Whigs joined the new American party which stood for serving the â€Å"patriotic cause of the Union.† Other Northern Whigs joined independent Democrats and Free Soilers arguing in opposition to slavery and forming what is later known as the Republican party in 1854. In 1854, at their first national convention, Republicans sought out John C. Fremont and took the first political party stance against slavery with the slogan â€Å"Free soil, free speech, and Fremont.† Republicans later named Abraham Lincoln as their 1860 presidential nominee. The Democratic party nominated James Buchanan for the 1856 election to run against Fremont. Contrary to the reaction of the Whig party, the Democratic platform endorsed the Kansas-Nebraska Act, plead with congress not to interfere with slavery issues, condemned nativism, and endorsed religious liberty. Buchanan won the election of 1856. Nearing the 1860 election, Democrats held their convention in Charleston, South Carolina. Here the party saw its split. Douglas supporters promised congressional noninterference with slavery while some southerners demanded protection of slavery. The climax of this party debate came when William L. Yancey informed Northern Democrats that they had â€Å"failed to defend slavery as a positive good.† In reply to this, a northern senator is claims that they had been mistaken and â€Å"We will no...

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Disney Essay Disney Essay Dreams Come True Walter E. Disney once said, "You can design and create, and build the most wonderful place in the world. But it takes people to make the dream a reality." He was a man that turned his dreams into reality with the help of his many followers, which showed his true leadership. Today, Disney is one of the important entertainment businesses; bringing remarkable profits not to mention the abundance of joy it brings many people. It has not always been this easy for Disney however. It took the mind of one man to bring it to what it is today. Walt Disney did more to touch the hearts, minds, and emotions of millions of kids and adults than any other person. â€Å"He brought us closer to the future, while telling us of the past†. Walt Disney’s life was devoted to the arts and entertainment almost from birth. However, Walt’s fortunes and fame didn’t take form until he created Mickey Mouse. Walt Disney’s impact in the United States can be analyzed through sound, animation, theme parks, arts and television. He is best know for his character Mickey Mouse, as well as others such as Donald Duck, Pluto, Goofy, and Minnie Mouse, but his company can also be credited with achievements such as the first fully synchronized sound picture, "Steamboat Willie", the first full-color animation, "Flowers and Trees", and the first full-length animated movie, "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs". Steamboat Willie (1928) was his creation, as was the first full-color cartoon, Flowers and Trees (1932). The cartoon, as realized by Disney, gained even greater height in 1937 when Walt then released his first full-length animated feature, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, which is still a huge blockbuster. He went on to introduce many more innovations to movie making, including stereophonic sound. Disney revolutionized the entertainment industry. Disney is a legend that will continue to grow and live on for many more

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Cognitive Problems of Bilingual Speakers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cognitive Problems of Bilingual Speakers - Essay Example Aphasic in bilinguals is a complex problem influenced by internal and external factors such as localization, "switch" interaction, suppression of a native language and a specific role of the right hemisphere of the brain. Questions specific to bilingual aphasia are added to those stemming from aphasia in general, such as whether aphasia is a general cognitive deficit or a language-specific impairment; whether it is a unitary phenomenon or admits of multiple syndromes; whether it is a deficit of competence or performance; and whether modality-specific deficits are aphasic symptoms. Theoretical positions on these issues will have consequences for hypotheses about bilingual aphasia and/or the representation of two languages in one brain. Some authors, for example, argue that patients are not aphasic unless their competence is impaired. Competence is considered not to be impaired when a deficit is not equally manifested in all modalities or when a patient undergoes spontaneous recovery. Moreover, because it is assumed that competence is common to both languages, if a bilingual is agrammatic for some aspect of the grammar in one of his languages, it is predicted that she or he will be agrammatic for those same components of the grammar in the other language ( Scholes, 1984). Thus, what recovers spontaneously in unilinguals and bilinguals as well as what is differentially deficient in bilinguals is not considered a result of impaired competence but of loss of access through some defective performance mechanism. Such a position therefore holds that any bilingual patient exhibiting nonparallel recovery is not aphasic. The unstated assumption behind the argument is the role of primary education and background of a person. Whether or not teachers call students aphasic who have lost the use of one of their languages or who have differential postmorbid proficiency in each language, it is of interest to the neuropsychology of language in general and of bilingualism in parti cular to examine whether nonparallel deficits do indeed occur, and if so, to investigate the mechanisms responsible for differential, successive, selective, antagonistic, and mixed recoveries. The article is well-structured and is based on substantial research and data analysis. A researcher gives a special attention to the systemic-dynamic approach and their age, proficiency and motivation among students. The researcher uses inductive reasoning using specific examples and data. The arguments and claims are well-supported and explained. The researcher underlines that there is no a priori reason to reject the possibility that each language might be subserved by its own competence, namely, that each grammar might be separately stored and/or processed. There is indeed no clinical evidence that there is only one underlying neurolinguistic competence for both languages, that is to say, one common neural substrate for language, undifferentiated as to specific language. If it can be shown that specific alterations in competence occur in one language and not in the other, then it is not unreasonable to assume that each language is subserved by different neurofunctional substrates. Further systematic investigations, based on large numbers of successive unselected cases and

Fast Food and Food Handler Wear Essay Example for Free

Fast Food and Food Handler Wear Essay 1. Infrared thermometers are used to measures? Surface temperatures 2. Food cannot be refrozen once it is thawed because? Dangerous bacteria can grow on thawed food 3. What is the minimum temperature for transporting hot food and hot food holding items? 135 (F) degrees 4. The appropriate freezing method for destroying the anisakis parasite in fish is? -4 f degrees and held for 7days 5. What type of jewelry may a food handler wear while preparing food? Plain band 6. A women runs out of the bathroom in a fast food restaurant, and frantically tells the manager that the bathroom sink has backed up and is overflowing. What should the manager do? Close the restroom and call a plumber to unblock the drain 7. The concentration of a sanitizing solution is compromised when? The solution is to hot 8. All of these foods are potentially hazardous expect for? Raw asparagus 9. If the water supply to an establishment is shut off and there is no alternate portable water source? The establishment needs to close until the water supply is restored 10. The minimum internal temp of a pork roast or tuna casserole cooked in a microwave is? 165 (f) degrees for 15seconds 11. A food handler reports to the manager that he has been diagnosed with hemorrhagic colitis. The manager must? Ask the person to leave the establishment and report the incident to the health dept. 12. Clean plates are required for each trip to the buffet because? Contamination can be prevented 13. Frozen foods, other than ice cream, must not be stored at a temp. Over? 0 f degrees 14. Hand washing is not allowed in sinks that are? Used for food prep 15. Light bulb in food prep area must? Be covered to prevent physical contamination 16. The safe way to thaw large poultry or meat product is? In a frig at 41 f or lower 17. The minimum temp and time allowed for cooking a roast beef is? 130 f for 112 min 18. Hand antiseptics can be used? After proper hand washing 19. Which of the following is the best method for killing bacteria in ground beef? Cook to 155 f for 15 sec 20. Which of these disease- causing bacteria may be found in the shell eggs? Salmonella 21. Cooked food is a self serve establishment that has been in the danger zone of under 135 f to over 70 f internal temp of? 165 f – for 15 sec 22. When displaying live shellfish for consumption, the FDA food code requires that you? Have a HACCP plan and a variance 23. The chef prepared a large quantity of homemade beef stew and divided it up into two shallow pans for cooling. He placed the pans in the refrigerator and stirs them frequently. However, he was unsuccessful in cooling the stew from 135 f to 70 f within 2 hrs. What must the chef do to cool the stew? Reheat stew at 165 f for 15 sec and begin cooling process again 24. The entire hand washing process should take at least? 20 sec 25. Listeria bacteria is especially dangerous because? It can grow in dish water 26. Back siphoning occurs when the portable water pressure is lower than the waste water pressure and the waste water backs into the portable water-cross connection? Air gaps 27. Which of these foods in the most likely source of botulism? Vegetables in a swollen can 28. The internal receiving temp of fresh? 41 f 29. Which organism is most likely to multiply in vacuum or airless packaged foods? Clostridium botulinum 30. The minimum wash temp for chemical sanitizing in a ware washing machine should be? 120 f degrees 31. To manually hot water sanitize in a three sink process, the item must be in the water that is at minimum? 120 f – 30 sec 32. Which of the following is a safe food handling practice? Clean and sanitize food surfaces in constant use every 4 hrs 33. In a Hazards Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) plan, CCP’s are identified in? Flow chart 34. Measure a chicken noodle casserole where do you insert thermometer? Into the center or thickest part of the casserole 35. Grease traps must be cleaned on a regular basis because the can? Cause a backup 36. Product stuffed with either raw chicken or beef must be cooked to an internal temp of? 165 f for 15 sec 37. The first step in planning a food safety training program is? Identify the topics for the training 38. When cooking in a microwave, potentially hazardous foods should? Be rotated or mixed halfway through the cooking process 39. To ensure that the items are sanitized, the temp of a ware washing machine’s final sanitizing rinse must be at least? 180 f degrees 40. What two factors are the most important for controlling food borne illness in the food preparation process? Time and temp 41. Reduced Oxygen Packaged food must be stored? In refrigeration 42. An outbreak of typhoid fever, caused by the Salmonella Typhi Bacterium, is most likely to occur after? Flooding 43. Which of the following fall into the â€Å"eight most common food allergens† category? Milk, Wheat, Soybeans 44. Enterohemorrahagic E. coli is a? Bacteria that produces shiga toxins. 45. Which of the following bacteria are found in soil? Bacillus cereus 46. The anisakis simplex worm is most likely to be found in? Under cooked fish 47. Which of the following illness DO NOT have to be reported to the local health dept? Giardiasis 48. Which type of temp probe would use to measure the temp of an oven or refrigerator? Air 49. Which of the following is NOT a method for removing oxygen from packed foods? HMR 50. For traditional steeped tea, the hot water should be a minimum of? 175 f and steeped for minimum of 5 min 51. The correct method for calibrating a stem type thermometer is? In water and ice, and calibrate 32 f 52. Shellfish dealer tags must be kept on file for how many days after the shellfish was harvested? 90 days 53. You have a food delivery arriving in an hour that will consist of milk cartons, fresh chicken breasts, and vacuum-packed bacon. What is the best thermometer to use to check product temperatures on all of these products? Bimetallic thermometer 54. Food borne intoxication is caused by eating food that contain? Poison producing microorganisms 55. To free up space in the kitchen, a busser is asked to manually clean some pot and pans in a three-compartment sink. First he scrapes and rinses the items. Then, he washes them in the first sink, rinses them in the second sink, sanitizes them in the third sink, and sets the items on the drain board to air dry. What did the busser do wrong? He forgot to clean and sanitize the sinks before using them 56. PCO stands for? Pest control operator 57. The best method of preventing an outbreak of Hepatitis A is? Proper hand washing procedures 58. On her morning shift, a food handler puts on clean disposable gloves, and begins to move defrosted hamburger patties form the refrigerator to the preparation area, as directed by the cook. Then, she is asked to slice tomatoes. When she’s done, she slices raw onions. In this sequence of task, when should the food handler change gloves? After moving the hamburger patties to the preparation area 59. The chef just finished preparing raw chicken breasts in a citrus marinade. She will store them in the refrigerator for the next shift to cook and serve for dinner. In order to prevent possible cross-contamination, where should the chef place the tray of chicken breast in the refrigerator? On the bottom self next to the ground turkey 60. A food handler comes to work with a bad cold, but insists that he is well enough to work. The employee is asked to take his temperature, and it turns out that he has a fever. What should the manager do? Send the employee home 61. Which of the following bacteria might be found in a food worker’s hand wound? Staphylococcus aureus 62. A father takes his four year old daughter and her friend to the local hamburger diner after swimming lessons. The friend wants a hot dog, and his daughter wants a hamburger. Because the father likes his hamburgers rare, he orders a rare hamburger for himself and his daughter. What should the server do? Explain that the restaurant cannot serve rare hamburgers to young children 63. Salmonella spp. Bacteria have recently been found in contaminated? Produce 64. A food worker used a Quats sanitizing solution in a three compartment sink as the final step in the cleaning and sanitizing process. She confirmed that the water temp was 75 f, she followed the manufacturer’s concentration instructions, and she completely immersed the cleaned metal cooking pots in the solution for 15 sec. last, she let the pot air dry before storing it. What did the food worker do wrong? She didn’t immerse the pot long enough 65. Which of the following foods are most easily contaminated with the Norovirus? Ready to eat foods 66. Shigella spp. Bacteria are most likely to be found in contaminated? Water 67. A catering company is preparing and transporting hot and cold foods to a customer site for a birthday party. The customer will then reheats and serve the food to guests at the appropriate time. Which of the following must the catering company provide to the customer? Reheating instructions for hot foods 68. A customer has just finished eating a seafood salad with a peanut dressing. As he is paying the bill, the customer starts to have trouble breathing. His face starts to swell, and he breaks out in hives. Most likely the customer is suffering from? An allergy attack 69. In the final hour of a local fund raising event, your food booth runs out of ice for cold beverages. What is the best course of action to follow? Send a volunteer to the nearest store for a bag of ice 70. A food handler in a small coffee shop has just finished deep frying a batch of chicken nuggets, when a customer order comes in for fried shrimp. What does the food handler need to do to avoid cross- contact? The food handler should use a different fryer and oil assigned to cook seafood 71. At an offsite catered event, the food service manager has been hot holding a beef stir fry at 145 f, when suddenly she loses her heat source. Guests are in line waiting to be served. What should the manager do? Begin to serve guests, because the stir fry can be out of temp control for up to 4 hrs 72. A server walks up to a newly seated party of two. The female customer announces that she has a wheat allergy. What should the server do? Wait till the customer orders, and then check with the manager to confirm if any of the ordered items contain wheat